{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "posidonius.customs_wars",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/posidonius/customs-wars/reference-f-108u/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Fragments on Customs and Wars",
    "author": "Posidonius",
    "date": "1st century BCE; fragments of the Histories transmitted by ancient authors",
    "summary": "One hundred and ninety-seven carrier units trace war, institutions, luxury, dependency, and disorder in Posidonius’ lost Histories.",
    "learning": "Begin from a local fact, separate material conditions, customs, institutions, and decisions, then test the proposed connection against the carrier.",
    "long_summary": "Posidonius’ Histories do not survive as a continuous book. Athenaeus, Strabo, Diodorus, and other authors preserve quotations, summaries, and descriptions. The corpus keeps their names, references, and framing instead of dissolving their sentences into an imaginary Posidonian voice.\n\nThe material is valuable for examining how wealth, custom, power, and conflict interact. Its ethnographic categories must also be read as those of situated ancient carriers, never as natural truths about a people.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "World of 1989",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet.",
        "science": "Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration.",
        "medicine": "CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits.",
        "transport": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods.",
        "agriculture": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs.",
        "communication": "Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic.",
        "clothing": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet. Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration. CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods. Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "stoicism",
        "label": "Stoicism"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete_for_admitted_eulogikon_heading_units",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/posidonius/customs_wars/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 187,
            "role": "public_domain_fragment_carrier_transcription",
            "sha256": "97e8ef148444dbbe2f5566e6e0b3982dffe1324a670b5bfbf6f283cbe1eac7da",
            "source_id": "eulogikon-msa-ac-9a0ec0eb419a"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete_for_admitted_eulogikon_heading_units",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/posidonius/customs_wars/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 10,
            "role": "public_domain_fragment_carrier_transcription",
            "sha256": "6207175643270c2d7ae59e51304a2e83cf9c672737c31e02da73f99429b392bf",
            "source_id": "eulogikon-msa-ac-9a0ec0eb419a"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/posidonius/customs_wars/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-15",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 197,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "6e8079083d8e83805990aad1551eb6422c4bda01e73bb6b8eb2d2d666deb6332",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/posidonius/customs_wars/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-15",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 197,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "6328604f60a133659819695e9b50c6a124e8b5d7f2f4b71c173b4b3764498753",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "customs_and_institutions",
            "label": "Customs and institutions"
        },
        {
            "id": "empirical_travel_inquiry",
            "label": "Empirical inquiry through travel"
        },
        {
            "id": "fortune",
            "label": "Fortune"
        },
        {
            "id": "historical_causation",
            "label": "Historical causation"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "luxury_and_corruption",
            "label": "Luxury and corruption"
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "virtue",
            "label": "Virtue"
        },
        {
            "id": "war_and_civil_disorder",
            "label": "War and civil disorder"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "posidonius.customs_wars"
    ],
    "passages": 197,
    "word_count": 45218,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 45218,
        "fr": 47092,
        "grc": 32647,
        "lat": 3205
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "eulogikon-posidonius-fragment-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "collection",
                "label_fr": "Collection Eulogikon",
                "label_en": "Eulogikon collection"
            },
            {
                "key": "fragment",
                "label_fr": "Fragment ou témoignage",
                "label_en": "Fragment or testimony"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Unité porteuse",
        "leaf_en": "Carrier unit"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:posidonius.customs_wars:F.108u",
    "canonical_ref": "F.108u",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": ";;385, 12;18: ὅτι τὰ ἐξηλλαγμένα δυστυχήματα, εἰ καί τινες πεπεισμένοι τυγχάνουσι μηδενὸς τῶν τοιούτων ἐπιστροφὴν ποιεῖσθαι τὸ θεῖον, ἀλλ’ οὖν γε σύμφορόν ἐστι τῶι κοινῶι βίωι τὴν ἐκ θεῶν δεισιδαιμονίαν ἐντετηκέναι ταῖς τῶν πολλῶν ψυχαῖς. ὀλίγοι γὰρ δι’ ἀρετὴν ἰδίαν δικαιοπραγοῦντες, τὸ δὲ πολὺ φῦλον τῶν ἀνθρώπων νομικαῖς κολάσεσι καὶ ταῖς ἐκ θεοῦ τιμωρίαις ἀπέχεται τῶν κακουργημάτων.",
            "source_id": "eulogikon-msa-ac-9a0ec0eb419a",
            "translation_type": "public_domain_fragment_carrier_transcription"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "385, 12-18: As for extraordinary calamities, even if some people are convinced that the divine takes no heed of any such matters, it is nevertheless advantageous to communal life that fear of the gods should be instilled in the souls of the multitude. For few people act justly through their own virtue, while the great mass of humanity is restrained from wrongdoing by legal penalties and punishments from the divine.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-15",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": ";;385, 12;18 : Quant aux malheurs extraordinaires, même si certains sont convaincus que la divinité ne prête aucune attention à de tels événements, il est néanmoins avantageux pour la vie en société que la crainte religieuse inspirée par les dieux soit profondément implantée dans l’âme de la multitude. Rares sont en effet ceux qui agissent avec justice par leur vertu propre. La majeure partie du genre humain est retenue loin des crimes par les peines légales et les châtiments venus de la divinité.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-15",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "06c71683f71626eac32ac9e373320f0033a4e90ea2179e3c9946a53a45b67be3"
}