{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "posidonius.customs_wars",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/posidonius/customs-wars/reference-f-71/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Fragments on Customs and Wars",
    "author": "Posidonius",
    "date": "1st century BCE; fragments of the Histories transmitted by ancient authors",
    "summary": "One hundred and ninety-seven carrier units trace war, institutions, luxury, dependency, and disorder in Posidonius’ lost Histories.",
    "learning": "Begin from a local fact, separate material conditions, customs, institutions, and decisions, then test the proposed connection against the carrier.",
    "long_summary": "Posidonius’ Histories do not survive as a continuous book. Athenaeus, Strabo, Diodorus, and other authors preserve quotations, summaries, and descriptions. The corpus keeps their names, references, and framing instead of dissolving their sentences into an imaginary Posidonian voice.\n\nThe material is valuable for examining how wealth, custom, power, and conflict interact. Its ethnographic categories must also be read as those of situated ancient carriers, never as natural truths about a people.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "World of 1989",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet.",
        "science": "Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration.",
        "medicine": "CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits.",
        "transport": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods.",
        "agriculture": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs.",
        "communication": "Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic.",
        "clothing": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet. Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration. CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods. Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "stoicism",
        "label": "Stoicism"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete_for_admitted_eulogikon_heading_units",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/posidonius/customs_wars/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 187,
            "role": "public_domain_fragment_carrier_transcription",
            "sha256": "97e8ef148444dbbe2f5566e6e0b3982dffe1324a670b5bfbf6f283cbe1eac7da",
            "source_id": "eulogikon-msa-ac-9a0ec0eb419a"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete_for_admitted_eulogikon_heading_units",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/posidonius/customs_wars/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 10,
            "role": "public_domain_fragment_carrier_transcription",
            "sha256": "6207175643270c2d7ae59e51304a2e83cf9c672737c31e02da73f99429b392bf",
            "source_id": "eulogikon-msa-ac-9a0ec0eb419a"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/posidonius/customs_wars/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-15",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 197,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "6e8079083d8e83805990aad1551eb6422c4bda01e73bb6b8eb2d2d666deb6332",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/posidonius/customs_wars/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-15",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 197,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "6328604f60a133659819695e9b50c6a124e8b5d7f2f4b71c173b4b3764498753",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "customs_and_institutions",
            "label": "Customs and institutions"
        },
        {
            "id": "empirical_travel_inquiry",
            "label": "Empirical inquiry through travel"
        },
        {
            "id": "historical_causation",
            "label": "Historical causation"
        },
        {
            "id": "luxury_and_corruption",
            "label": "Luxury and corruption"
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "war_and_civil_disorder",
            "label": "War and civil disorder"
        },
        {
            "id": "wisdom",
            "label": "Wisdom"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "posidonius.customs_wars"
    ],
    "passages": 197,
    "word_count": 45218,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 45218,
        "fr": 47092,
        "grc": 32647,
        "lat": 3205
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "eulogikon-posidonius-fragment-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "collection",
                "label_fr": "Collection Eulogikon",
                "label_en": "Eulogikon collection"
            },
            {
                "key": "fragment",
                "label_fr": "Fragment ou témoignage",
                "label_en": "Fragment or testimony"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Unité porteuse",
        "leaf_en": "Carrier unit"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:posidonius.customs_wars:F.71",
    "canonical_ref": "F.71",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "STRABON XI 9, 3: εἰρηκότες δὲ πολλὰ περὶ τῶν Παρθικῶν νομίμων ἐν τῆι ἕκτηι τῶν Ἱστορικῶν Ὑπομνημάτων βίβλωι (91 F 1) .... παραλείψομεν ἐνταῦθα .... τοσοῦτον εἰπόντες μόνον, ὅτι τῶν Παρθυαίων συνέδριόν φησιν εἶναι Ποσειδώνιος διττόν, τὸ μὲν συγγενῶν, τὸ δὲ σοφῶν καὶ μάγων, ἐξ ὧν ἀμφοῖν τοὺς βασιλεῖς καθίστασθαι.",
            "source_id": "eulogikon-msa-ac-9a0ec0eb419a",
            "translation_type": "public_domain_fragment_carrier_transcription"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "STRABO XI 9.3: Having said much about Parthian customs in the sixth book of the Historical Commentaries (91 F 1) ... we shall omit them here ... and say only this: Posidonius states that the Parthyaeans have a twofold council, one composed of kinsmen and the other of wise men and Magi, and that kings are appointed from both groups.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-15",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "STRABON XI 9, 3 : Après avoir longuement parlé des coutumes parthes dans le sixième livre de nos Commentaires historiques (91 F 1), nous les omettrons ici, en disant seulement ceci : selon Posidonios, les Parthes possèdent un double conseil, l’un composé des parents du roi, l’autre de sages et de mages ; c’est à partir de ces deux conseils que sont institués les rois.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-15",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "6687abed590eb8aa967bbb141ebca22e728951cb1b1001008130f8a3fe9c126b"
}