{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "sextus_empiricus.against_ethicists",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/sextus-empiricus/against-ethicists/livre-11/passage-17/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Against the Ethicists, Book XI of Against the Learned",
    "author": "Sextus Empiricus",
    "date": "c. 180-220 CE",
    "summary": "In Book XI, Sextus confronts doctrines of good, evil, and the art of living with disagreements among peoples and philosophers. Suspension removes the claimed self-evidence of natural values that conflict prevents from being established.",
    "learning": "Compare definitions of goodness, distinguish customary conduct from natural judgement, and understand why suspension is not practical indifference.",
    "long_summary": "The text surveys definitions of bodily, external, and moral goods, then shows how the same thing is sought, avoided, or judged indifferent by different schools. It also asks whether an art teaching conduct can possess a secure object, method, and expert.\n\nCriticism does not force the sceptic into inaction. The sceptic follows affections and customs without adding that they are naturally good or bad. The promised tranquillity depends on this change in assent, whose moral force differs from asserted theoretical relativism.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "skepticism",
        "label": "Skepticism"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
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            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/sextus_empiricus/against_ethicists/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 257,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "0cbbb82dd66d0029de5d5c56b160a083811c0363f54322fdd9d4bcbcdbfcb317",
            "source_id": "adversus-grc"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/sextus_empiricus/against_ethicists/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 257,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "0626e1628145e62edfcd56b90fb3f709d82a6e6484a60689beedd545775c5eb4",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
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        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/sextus_empiricus/against_ethicists/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 257,
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            "sha256": "ec00265be18697beb3cb6a1f1632badb68f5e3a183c0683265c1e00efeb608fa",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
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    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "equipollence",
            "label": "Equipollence"
        },
        {
            "id": "suspension_of_judgment",
            "label": "Suspension of judgment"
        },
        {
            "id": "virtue",
            "label": "Virtue"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "sextus_empiricus.against_ethicists"
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    "passages": 257,
    "word_count": 16268,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 16268,
        "fr": 17125,
        "grc": 13920
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "sextus-book-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "book",
                "label_fr": "Livre",
                "label_en": "Book"
            },
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:sextus_empiricus.against_ethicists:11.17",
    "canonical_ref": "11.17",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "ἐῴκει γὰρ ἡ μὲν τοιαύτη διαίρεσις τῇ λεγούσῃ ‟τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ μέν εἰσιν Ἕλληνες, οἱ δὲ βάρβαροι, τῶν δὲ βαρβάρων οἱ μὲν Αἰγύπτιοι, οἱ δὲ Πέρσαι, οἱ δὲ ᾿Ινδοί”· ἡ δὲ ἐκκειμένη ὡμοίωτο τῇ τοιουτοτρόπῳ· ‟τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ μέν εἰσιν Ἕλληνες, οἱ δὲ Αἰγύπτιοι, οἱ δὲ Πέρσαι, οἱ δὲ Ἰνδοί”. Ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων τῶν ἐνστάσεων οὐκ ἀνάγκη νῦν μηκύνειν, ἐκεῖνο δ’ ἴσως ἁρμόσει προδιαρθρῶσαι,",
            "translator": "Hermann Mutschmann and Jürgen Mau, editors",
            "edition": "adversus-grc",
            "source_id": "adversus-grc",
            "translation_type": "original"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "For this division resembled the statement: “Of human beings, some are Greeks and others barbarians; of barbarians, some are Egyptians, some Persians, and some Indians.” The division set out earlier resembled: “Of human beings, some are Greeks, some Egyptians, some Persians, and some Indians.” But there is no need to dwell now on these objections. It may, however, be appropriate first to clarify the following.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Cette division ressemblerait en effet à celle-ci : « Parmi les hommes, les uns sont Grecs, les autres barbares ; parmi les barbares, les uns sont Égyptiens, les autres Perses, les autres Indiens. » Celle qui a été proposée ressemble au contraire à celle-ci : « Parmi les hommes, les uns sont Grecs, les autres Égyptiens, les autres Perses, les autres Indiens. » Mais il n’est pas nécessaire de nous étendre maintenant sur ces objections. Il conviendra peut-être de préciser auparavant ceci :",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
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    "content_checksum": "dfa0930ef8f831330581ace13b0ba5ada3b0554c716a9b8a220027ed772ac31f"
}