{
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    "id": "sextus_empiricus.against_logicians",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/sextus-empiricus/against-logicians/livre-7/passage-239/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Against the Logicians, Books VII-VIII of Against the Learned",
    "author": "Sextus Empiricus",
    "date": "c. 180-220 CE",
    "summary": "In the books devoted to logicians, Sextus confronts theories of the criterion of truth, signs, demonstration, and propositions. Rival doctrines undermine one another until Pyrrhonian suspension becomes possible.",
    "learning": "Compare criteria of truth, reconstruct problems of sign and proof, and distinguish sceptical refutation from a rival logical theory.",
    "long_summary": "The dossier asks whether sensation, intellect, or impression can guarantee knowledge, then how a sign leads from what is evident to what is not. Stoic definitions, Academic objections, and dogmatic replies are cited before receiving counterarguments.\n\nThe modern title groups Books VII and VIII of the larger work transmitted as Against the Learned. Sextus does not replace criticized criteria with an absolute sceptical criterion. He uses the history of disputes as material for a practice of withholding haste.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "skepticism",
        "label": "Skepticism"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
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        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
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            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/sextus_empiricus/against_logicians/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 927,
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            "sha256": "1dbecd1b2fae385130cbd5fc546002b93217c44448b473ad4d5c4ef92bd4d554",
            "source_id": "adversus-grc"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/sextus_empiricus/against_logicians/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
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            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/sextus_empiricus/against_logicians/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
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        {
            "id": "dialectic",
            "label": "Dialectic"
        },
        {
            "id": "equipollence",
            "label": "Equipollence"
        },
        {
            "id": "friendship",
            "label": "Friendship"
        },
        {
            "id": "impressions_and_assent",
            "label": "Impressions and assent"
        },
        {
            "id": "knowledge",
            "label": "Knowledge"
        },
        {
            "id": "philosophical_eros",
            "label": "Philosophical eros"
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        {
            "id": "suspension_of_judgment",
            "label": "Suspension of judgment"
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        "en": 63717,
        "fr": 65311,
        "grc": 53210
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    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "sextus-book-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
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                "key": "book",
                "label_fr": "Livre",
                "label_en": "Book"
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                "label_en": "Section"
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    "canonical_ref": "7.239",
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    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "τοιαύτης δ’ οὔσης καὶ τῆσδε τῆς ἐνστάσεως πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰς συνεμφάσεις οἱ Στωικοὶ ἀνατρέχουσι, λέγοντες τῷ ὅρῳ δεῖν τῆς φαντασίας συνακούειν τὸ κατὰ πεῖσιν· ὧς γὰρ ὁ λέγων τὸν ἔρωτα ἐπιβολὴν εἶναι φιλοποιίας συνεμφαίνει τὸ νέων ὡραίων, καὶ εἰ μὴ κατὰ τὸ ῥητὸν τοῦτο ἐκφέρῃ (οὐθεὶς γὰρ γερόντων καὶ ἀκμῆς ὥραν μὴ ἐχόντων ἐρᾷ), οὕτως ὅταν λέγωμεν, φασί, τὴν φαντασίαν ἑτεροίωσιν ἡγεμονικοῦ, συνεμφαίνομεν τὸ κατὰ πεῖσιν ἀλλὰ μὴ τὸ κατὰ ἐνέργειαν γίνεσθαι τὴν ἑτεροίωσιν.",
            "translator": "Hermann Mutschmann and Jürgen Mau, editors",
            "edition": "adversus-grc",
            "source_id": "adversus-grc",
            "translation_type": "original"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "Faced with this objection too, the Stoics again resort to implications, saying that the phrase “by way of affection” must be understood together with the definition of impression. For just as one who says that love is an impulse toward forming a friendship implicitly means with beautiful young people, even if he does not explicitly state this, since no one loves old people who lack the bloom of their prime, so, they say, when we call an impression an alteration of the ruling part, we imply that the alteration occurs by way of affection, not by way of activity.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Face à cette objection, les Stoïciens recourent encore aux implications, disant qu’il faut entendre dans la définition de la représentation « selon l’affection ». De même que celui qui définit l’amour comme une application à former une amitié implique qu’il s’agit de jeunes gens beaux, même sans l’énoncer expressément, car nul n’aime des vieillards qui n’ont plus la fleur de l’âge ; de même, disent-ils, lorsque nous appelons la représentation une altération de la faculté directrice, nous impliquons que cette altération se produit selon l’affection et non selon l’activité.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
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