{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "sextus_empiricus.against_logicians",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/sextus-empiricus/against-logicians/livre-8/passage-84/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Against the Logicians, Books VII-VIII of Against the Learned",
    "author": "Sextus Empiricus",
    "date": "c. 180-220 CE",
    "summary": "In the books devoted to logicians, Sextus confronts theories of the criterion of truth, signs, demonstration, and propositions. Rival doctrines undermine one another until Pyrrhonian suspension becomes possible.",
    "learning": "Compare criteria of truth, reconstruct problems of sign and proof, and distinguish sceptical refutation from a rival logical theory.",
    "long_summary": "The dossier asks whether sensation, intellect, or impression can guarantee knowledge, then how a sign leads from what is evident to what is not. Stoic definitions, Academic objections, and dogmatic replies are cited before receiving counterarguments.\n\nThe modern title groups Books VII and VIII of the larger work transmitted as Against the Learned. Sextus does not replace criticized criteria with an absolute sceptical criterion. He uses the history of disputes as material for a practice of withholding haste.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "skepticism",
        "label": "Skepticism"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/sextus_empiricus/against_logicians/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 927,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "1dbecd1b2fae385130cbd5fc546002b93217c44448b473ad4d5c4ef92bd4d554",
            "source_id": "adversus-grc"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/sextus_empiricus/against_logicians/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 927,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "4edfbb68938769af52c2d0fa703c42e2ba48f7f8db31c117fa57efc9d3247356",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/sextus_empiricus/against_logicians/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 927,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "d037268c9e2eba35b32da7609cd2403ef8dc910ba3d3a15381caa711074a4bad",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
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    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "dialectic",
            "label": "Dialectic"
        },
        {
            "id": "equipollence",
            "label": "Equipollence"
        },
        {
            "id": "knowledge",
            "label": "Knowledge"
        },
        {
            "id": "suspension_of_judgment",
            "label": "Suspension of judgment"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "sextus_empiricus.against_logicians"
    ],
    "passages": 927,
    "word_count": 63717,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 63717,
        "fr": 65311,
        "grc": 53210
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "sextus-book-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "book",
                "label_fr": "Livre",
                "label_en": "Book"
            },
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:sextus_empiricus.against_logicians:8.84",
    "canonical_ref": "8.84",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "οὐκ ἄρα ἔστι τι ἀξίωμα. καίτοι τί περὶ ὅλου τοῦ ἀξιώματος διέξιμεν τοῦ ‘‘Σωκράτης ἔστιν”, ὅτε καὶ αὐτὸ κατ’ ἰδίαν τὸ πτωτικὸν τὸ Σωκράτης οὐ δύναται ἐν ὑπάρξει νοεῖσθαι διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίαν; φημὶ δὲ διὰ τὸ μὴ συνυπάρχειν τὰ συστατικὰ αὐτοῦ μόρια.",
            "translator": "Hermann Mutschmann and Jürgen Mau, editors",
            "edition": "adversus-grc",
            "source_id": "adversus-grc",
            "translation_type": "original"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "Therefore no proposition exists. Yet why should we discuss the whole proposition “Socrates exists,” when even the inflected expression “Socrates,” taken by itself, cannot be conceived as existing for the same reason? I mean because its constituent parts do not coexist.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Il n’existe donc aucune proposition. Et pourtant, pourquoi examinerions-nous toute la proposition « Socrate existe », alors que le terme casuel « Socrate », pris isolément, ne peut lui-même être conçu comme existant, pour la même raison ? Je veux dire parce que les éléments qui le constituent ne coexistent pas.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "dce4ea0b83f00237d4b410947b2d0de34002d4ff428f03e006533af25a796dae"
}