{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "spinoza.ethics_fr",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/ethics-fr/reference-section-0063/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Ethics, Émile Saisset’s French Translation",
    "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
    "date": "composed c. 1661-1675; published in 1677",
    "summary": "Émile Saisset’s translation gives the demonstrative architecture of Spinoza’s Ethics in French. God identified with Nature, mind-body parallelism, analysis of passions, and intellectual blessedness unfold through nineteenth-century terminology.",
    "learning": "Understand the Ethics’ five movements, recognize Saisset’s lexical mediation, and compare a proposition with its proof and scholium.",
    "long_summary": "Definitions, propositions, proofs, and scholia construct a system in which everything follows from divine and natural necessity. The individual strives to persist, encounters other powers, forms more or less adequate ideas, and can convert some passive affects into rational activity.\n\nThis manifestation is not a separate work composed in French by Spinoza. Saisset interprets the Latin through choices concerning substance, soul, understanding, and freedom. Comparing representations reveals mediation without assigning demonstrated claims to the translator.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Europe and the Atlantic, 15th-17th centuries",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Printing, artillery, clocks, ocean-going sail, and navigational instruments change the scale of states, trade, and travel.",
        "science": "Instrumented observation, calculation, anatomy, and astronomy gradually challenge inherited frameworks. Practice remains mixed with ancient authority.",
        "medicine": "Dissection, surgery, plants, and pharmacopoeias expand, but infection, pain, and epidemics remain poorly controlled.",
        "transport": "Walking, horses, coaches, river boats, and great sailing ships. Crossing an ocean takes weeks or months and remains dangerous.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, livestock, and gardens predominate; Atlantic exchange moves maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, and animals with major consequences.",
        "communication": "Printed books, broadsheets, letters, and regular posts speed circulation without making it instant.",
        "clothing": "Doublets, breeches, structured dresses, caps, ruffs, and cloaks use wool, linen, silk, and lace; rank strongly controls silhouette."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Printing, artillery, clocks, ocean-going sail, and navigational instruments change the scale of states, trade, and travel. Instrumented observation, calculation, anatomy, and astronomy gradually challenge inherited frameworks. Practice remains mixed with ancient authority. Dissection, surgery, plants, and pharmacopoeias expand, but infection, pain, and epidemics remain poorly controlled."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking, horses, coaches, river boats, and great sailing ships. Crossing an ocean takes weeks or months and remains dangerous. Printed books, broadsheets, letters, and regular posts speed circulation without making it instant."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, livestock, and gardens predominate; Atlantic exchange moves maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, and animals with major consequences."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Doublets, breeches, structured dresses, caps, ruffs, and cloaks use wool, linen, silk, and lace; rank strongly controls silhouette."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "modern-philosophy",
        "label": "Modern and contemporary philosophy"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "modern",
        "label": "Modern era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "fr",
        "en"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/spinoza/ethics_fr/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 300,
            "role": "complete_source_selection",
            "sha256": "b7ea7c38a17ad498de6a5c1b70e08a735f3f8355aa8401b67550b5c0b693dfbf",
            "source_id": "ethics_fr"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/spinoza/ethics_fr/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 300,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "f4550f8b900e11b7c2e4e9204c8448d5010d66f8dbd78f621ef9c58a44728caa",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "adequate_idea",
            "label": "Adequate idea"
        },
        {
            "id": "affects",
            "label": "Affects"
        },
        {
            "id": "anger",
            "label": "Anger"
        },
        {
            "id": "attribute",
            "label": "Attribute"
        },
        {
            "id": "conatus",
            "label": "Conatus"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "freedom",
            "label": "Freedom"
        },
        {
            "id": "intellectual_love",
            "label": "Intellectual love of God"
        },
        {
            "id": "messiah",
            "label": "Messiah"
        },
        {
            "id": "mode",
            "label": "Mode"
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature"
        },
        {
            "id": "necessity",
            "label": "Necessity"
        },
        {
            "id": "political_union",
            "label": "Political union"
        },
        {
            "id": "power_to_act",
            "label": "Power to act"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "roles",
            "label": "Roles and relationships"
        },
        {
            "id": "service",
            "label": "Service"
        },
        {
            "id": "substance",
            "label": "Substance"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "spinoza.ethics_fr"
    ],
    "passages": 300,
    "word_count": 92036,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 92036,
        "fr": 96231
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "source-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:spinoza.ethics_fr:section-0063",
    "canonical_ref": "section-0063",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Lorsqu’un certain nombre de corps de même grandeur ou de grandeur différente sont ainsi pressés qu’ils s’appuient les uns sur les autres, ou lorsque, se mouvant d’ailleurs avec des degrés semblables ou divers de rapidité, ils se communiquent leurs mouvements suivant des rapports déterminés, nous disons qu’entre de tels corps il y a union réciproque, et qu’ils constituent dans leur ensemble un seul corps, un individu, qui, par cette union même, se distingue de tous les autres.\n\nÀ mesure que les parties d’un individu corporel ou corps composé reposent réciproquement les unes sur les autres par des surfaces plus ou moins grandes, il est plus ou moins difficile de changer leur situation, et par conséquent de changer la figure de l’individu en question. Et c’est pourquoi j’appellerai les corps durs , quand leurs parties s’appuient l’une sur l’autre par de grandes surfaces ; mous , quand ces surfaces sont petites ; fluides , quand leurs parties se meuvent librement les unes par rapport aux autres.\n\nSi d’un corps ou individu composé de plusieurs corps vous retranchez un certain nombre de parties, mais que ces parties soient remplacées simultanément par un nombre égal de parties de même nature, cet individu conservera sa nature primitive, sans que sa forme ou essence en éprouve aucun changement.\n\nDémonstration : Les corps en effet ( par le Lemme 1), ne se distinguent point les uns des autres sous le rapport de la substance, et ce qui constitue la forme ou essence d’un individu, c’est ( par la Déf. précéd .) l’union des corps qui le composent ; or, cette union reste ici la même, quoique ( par hypothèse ) les parties changent sans cesse ; l’individu conserve donc, tant sous le rapport de substance que sous le rapport des modes, sa nature primitive. C. Q. F. D.\n\nSi les parties qui composent un individu viennent à augmenter ou à diminuer, mais dans une telle proportion que le mouvement ou le repos de toutes ces parties, considérées les unes à l’égard des autres, s’opèrent suivant les mêmes rapports, l’individu conservera encore sa nature première, et son essence ne sera pas altérée.\n\nDémonstration : C’est la même que pour le Lemme précédent.",
            "translator": "Émile Saisset or Paul Janet",
            "source_id": "source-1",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "When a number of bodies of the same or different magnitudes are so constrained that they rest upon one another, or when, moving with like or different degrees of speed, they communicate their motions to one another according to a fixed ratio, we say that such bodies are reciprocally united and that together they compose a single body, or individual, which is distinguished from all others by this very union.\n\nAccording as the parts of a corporeal individual, or composite body, rest upon one another over larger or smaller surfaces, it is more or less difficult to change their position, and consequently to change the shape of the individual in question. I shall therefore call bodies hard when their parts rest upon one another over large surfaces; soft when those surfaces are small; and fluid when their parts move freely with respect to one another.\n\nIf, from a body or individual composed of several bodies, you remove a certain number of parts, but those parts are simultaneously replaced by an equal number of parts of the same nature, that individual will retain its original nature, without any change in its form or essence.\n\nDemonstration: Bodies are not distinguished from one another with respect to substance (by Lemma 1), and what constitutes the form or essence of an individual is the union of the bodies composing it (by the preceding Definition). Now this union remains the same here, although the parts continually change (by hypothesis); therefore the individual retains its original nature, both with respect to substance and with respect to modes. Q.E.D.\n\nIf the parts composing an individual increase or diminish, but in such a proportion that the motion or rest of all those parts, considered in relation to one another, proceeds according to the same ratios, the individual will still retain its original nature, and its essence will not be altered.\n\nDemonstration: This is the same as for the preceding Lemma.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "326c9f7f22ff2e3fe7aa8c1e127b4935fe9ca21b940dd875d7945ea48a001648"
}