{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "spinoza.ethics_fr",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/ethics-fr/reference-section-0102/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Ethics, Émile Saisset’s French Translation",
    "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
    "date": "composed c. 1661-1675; published in 1677",
    "summary": "Émile Saisset’s translation gives the demonstrative architecture of Spinoza’s Ethics in French. God identified with Nature, mind-body parallelism, analysis of passions, and intellectual blessedness unfold through nineteenth-century terminology.",
    "learning": "Understand the Ethics’ five movements, recognize Saisset’s lexical mediation, and compare a proposition with its proof and scholium.",
    "long_summary": "Definitions, propositions, proofs, and scholia construct a system in which everything follows from divine and natural necessity. The individual strives to persist, encounters other powers, forms more or less adequate ideas, and can convert some passive affects into rational activity.\n\nThis manifestation is not a separate work composed in French by Spinoza. Saisset interprets the Latin through choices concerning substance, soul, understanding, and freedom. Comparing representations reveals mediation without assigning demonstrated claims to the translator.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Europe and the Atlantic, 15th-17th centuries",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Printing, artillery, clocks, ocean-going sail, and navigational instruments change the scale of states, trade, and travel.",
        "science": "Instrumented observation, calculation, anatomy, and astronomy gradually challenge inherited frameworks. Practice remains mixed with ancient authority.",
        "medicine": "Dissection, surgery, plants, and pharmacopoeias expand, but infection, pain, and epidemics remain poorly controlled.",
        "transport": "Walking, horses, coaches, river boats, and great sailing ships. Crossing an ocean takes weeks or months and remains dangerous.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, livestock, and gardens predominate; Atlantic exchange moves maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, and animals with major consequences.",
        "communication": "Printed books, broadsheets, letters, and regular posts speed circulation without making it instant.",
        "clothing": "Doublets, breeches, structured dresses, caps, ruffs, and cloaks use wool, linen, silk, and lace; rank strongly controls silhouette."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Printing, artillery, clocks, ocean-going sail, and navigational instruments change the scale of states, trade, and travel. Instrumented observation, calculation, anatomy, and astronomy gradually challenge inherited frameworks. Practice remains mixed with ancient authority. Dissection, surgery, plants, and pharmacopoeias expand, but infection, pain, and epidemics remain poorly controlled."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking, horses, coaches, river boats, and great sailing ships. Crossing an ocean takes weeks or months and remains dangerous. Printed books, broadsheets, letters, and regular posts speed circulation without making it instant."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, livestock, and gardens predominate; Atlantic exchange moves maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, and animals with major consequences."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Doublets, breeches, structured dresses, caps, ruffs, and cloaks use wool, linen, silk, and lace; rank strongly controls silhouette."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "modern-philosophy",
        "label": "Modern and contemporary philosophy"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "modern",
        "label": "Modern era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "fr",
        "en"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/spinoza/ethics_fr/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 300,
            "role": "complete_source_selection",
            "sha256": "b7ea7c38a17ad498de6a5c1b70e08a735f3f8355aa8401b67550b5c0b693dfbf",
            "source_id": "ethics_fr"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/spinoza/ethics_fr/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 300,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "f4550f8b900e11b7c2e4e9204c8448d5010d66f8dbd78f621ef9c58a44728caa",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "adequate_idea",
            "label": "Adequate idea"
        },
        {
            "id": "affects",
            "label": "Affects"
        },
        {
            "id": "attribute",
            "label": "Attribute"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "conatus",
            "label": "Conatus"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "freedom",
            "label": "Freedom"
        },
        {
            "id": "impressions_and_assent",
            "label": "Impressions and assent"
        },
        {
            "id": "intellectual_love",
            "label": "Intellectual love of God"
        },
        {
            "id": "messiah",
            "label": "Messiah"
        },
        {
            "id": "mindfulness",
            "label": "Mindfulness"
        },
        {
            "id": "mode",
            "label": "Mode"
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature"
        },
        {
            "id": "necessity",
            "label": "Necessity"
        },
        {
            "id": "power_to_act",
            "label": "Power to act"
        },
        {
            "id": "sin",
            "label": "Sin"
        },
        {
            "id": "substance",
            "label": "Substance"
        },
        {
            "id": "suffering",
            "label": "Suffering"
        },
        {
            "id": "truth",
            "label": "Truth"
        },
        {
            "id": "wisdom",
            "label": "Wisdom"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "spinoza.ethics_fr"
    ],
    "passages": 300,
    "word_count": 92036,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 92036,
        "fr": 96231
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "source-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:spinoza.ethics_fr:section-0102",
    "canonical_ref": "section-0102",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "En commençant mon premier point, j’avertis le lecteur de distinguer soigneusement entre une idée ou un concept de l’âme et les images des choses, telles que les forme notre imagination. Il est nécessaire en outre de faire distinction entre les idées et les mots par lesquels nous exprimons les réalités. Car les images, les mots et les idées, voilà trois choses que plusieurs confondent totalement, ou qu’ils ne distinguent pas avec assez de soin ou du moins assez de précaution, et c’est pour cela qu’ils ont complètement ignoré cette théorie de la volonté, si nécessaire à connaître pourtant, soit pour la vérité de la spéculation, soit pour la sagesse de la pratique. Lorsqu’en effet on pense que les idées consistent en images formées dans notre âme par la rencontre des objets corporels, toutes les idées de ces choses dont il est impossible de se représenter une image ne paraissent plus de véritables idées, mais de pures fictions, ouvrage de notre libre volonté. On ne considère ces idées que comme des figures muettes tracées sur un tableau, et la préoccupation produite par ce préjugé empêche de voir que toute idée, en tant qu’idée, enveloppe l’affirmation ou la négation.\n\nDe plus ceux qui confondent les mots avec l’idée, ou avec l’affirmation que l’idée enveloppe, croient qu’ils peuvent opposer leur volonté à leur pensées, quand ils n’opposent à leur pensée que des affirmations ou des négations purement verbales.\n\nOn se dépouillera aisément de ces préjugés si l’on fait attention à la nature de la pensée qui n’enveloppe nullement le concept de l’étendue ; et alors on comprendra clairement qu’une idée (en tant qu’elle est un mode de la pensée) ne consiste ni dans l’image d’une chose, ni dans des mots. Car ce qui constitue l’essence des mots et des images, ce sont des mouvements corporels, qui n’enveloppent nullement le concept de la pensée.",
            "translator": "Émile Saisset or Paul Janet",
            "source_id": "source-1",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "In beginning my first point, I warn the reader carefully to distinguish between an idea or concept of the mind and the images of things such as our imagination forms them. It is also necessary to distinguish between ideas and the words by which we express realities. For images, words, and ideas are three things that many people completely confuse, or do not distinguish with sufficient care, or at least sufficient caution; and for this reason they have been wholly ignorant of this theory of the will, though it is so necessary to know, both for the truth of speculation and for wisdom in practice. For when people think that ideas consist of images formed in our mind by the encounter with corporeal objects, all ideas of those things of which it is impossible to represent an image no longer appear to be genuine ideas, but mere fictions, the work of our free will. They regard these ideas only as mute figures traced on a panel, and the preoccupation produced by this prejudice prevents them from seeing that every idea, insofar as it is an idea, involves affirmation or negation.\n\nMoreover, those who confuse words with the idea, or with the affirmation that the idea involves, believe that they can oppose their will to their thoughts, when they oppose to their thought only purely verbal affirmations or negations.\n\nOne will easily cast off these prejudices by attending to the nature of thought, which in no way involves the concept of extension; and then one will clearly understand that an idea (insofar as it is a mode of thought) consists neither in the image of a thing nor in words. For what constitutes the essence of words and images is corporeal motions, which in no way involve the concept of thought.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "7768c823ee60db70d66bcd5f3d0265c237cc65cf7c77d83080b30a5c50bfc81b"
}