{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "spinoza.ethics_fr",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/ethics-fr/reference-section-0183/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Ethics, Émile Saisset’s French Translation",
    "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
    "date": "composed c. 1661-1675; published in 1677",
    "summary": "Émile Saisset’s translation gives the demonstrative architecture of Spinoza’s Ethics in French. God identified with Nature, mind-body parallelism, analysis of passions, and intellectual blessedness unfold through nineteenth-century terminology.",
    "learning": "Understand the Ethics’ five movements, recognize Saisset’s lexical mediation, and compare a proposition with its proof and scholium.",
    "long_summary": "Definitions, propositions, proofs, and scholia construct a system in which everything follows from divine and natural necessity. The individual strives to persist, encounters other powers, forms more or less adequate ideas, and can convert some passive affects into rational activity.\n\nThis manifestation is not a separate work composed in French by Spinoza. Saisset interprets the Latin through choices concerning substance, soul, understanding, and freedom. Comparing representations reveals mediation without assigning demonstrated claims to the translator.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Europe and the Atlantic, 15th-17th centuries",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Printing, artillery, clocks, ocean-going sail, and navigational instruments change the scale of states, trade, and travel.",
        "science": "Instrumented observation, calculation, anatomy, and astronomy gradually challenge inherited frameworks. Practice remains mixed with ancient authority.",
        "medicine": "Dissection, surgery, plants, and pharmacopoeias expand, but infection, pain, and epidemics remain poorly controlled.",
        "transport": "Walking, horses, coaches, river boats, and great sailing ships. Crossing an ocean takes weeks or months and remains dangerous.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, livestock, and gardens predominate; Atlantic exchange moves maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, and animals with major consequences.",
        "communication": "Printed books, broadsheets, letters, and regular posts speed circulation without making it instant.",
        "clothing": "Doublets, breeches, structured dresses, caps, ruffs, and cloaks use wool, linen, silk, and lace; rank strongly controls silhouette."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Printing, artillery, clocks, ocean-going sail, and navigational instruments change the scale of states, trade, and travel. Instrumented observation, calculation, anatomy, and astronomy gradually challenge inherited frameworks. Practice remains mixed with ancient authority. Dissection, surgery, plants, and pharmacopoeias expand, but infection, pain, and epidemics remain poorly controlled."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking, horses, coaches, river boats, and great sailing ships. Crossing an ocean takes weeks or months and remains dangerous. Printed books, broadsheets, letters, and regular posts speed circulation without making it instant."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, livestock, and gardens predominate; Atlantic exchange moves maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, and animals with major consequences."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Doublets, breeches, structured dresses, caps, ruffs, and cloaks use wool, linen, silk, and lace; rank strongly controls silhouette."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "modern-philosophy",
        "label": "Modern and contemporary philosophy"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "modern",
        "label": "Modern era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "fr",
        "en"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/spinoza/ethics_fr/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 300,
            "role": "complete_source_selection",
            "sha256": "b7ea7c38a17ad498de6a5c1b70e08a735f3f8355aa8401b67550b5c0b693dfbf",
            "source_id": "ethics_fr"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/spinoza/ethics_fr/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 300,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "f4550f8b900e11b7c2e4e9204c8448d5010d66f8dbd78f621ef9c58a44728caa",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "adequate_idea",
            "label": "Adequate idea"
        },
        {
            "id": "affects",
            "label": "Affects"
        },
        {
            "id": "anger",
            "label": "Anger"
        },
        {
            "id": "attribute",
            "label": "Attribute"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "conatus",
            "label": "Conatus"
        },
        {
            "id": "courage",
            "label": "Courage"
        },
        {
            "id": "desire",
            "label": "Desire"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "fear",
            "label": "Fear"
        },
        {
            "id": "freedom",
            "label": "Freedom"
        },
        {
            "id": "intellectual_love",
            "label": "Intellectual love of God"
        },
        {
            "id": "knowledge",
            "label": "Knowledge"
        },
        {
            "id": "love",
            "label": "Love"
        },
        {
            "id": "messiah",
            "label": "Messiah"
        },
        {
            "id": "mode",
            "label": "Mode"
        },
        {
            "id": "necessity",
            "label": "Necessity"
        },
        {
            "id": "power_to_act",
            "label": "Power to act"
        },
        {
            "id": "ren_humaneness",
            "label": "Ren, humaneness"
        },
        {
            "id": "ressentiment",
            "label": "Ressentiment"
        },
        {
            "id": "sin",
            "label": "Sin"
        },
        {
            "id": "substance",
            "label": "Substance"
        },
        {
            "id": "suffering",
            "label": "Suffering"
        },
        {
            "id": "time",
            "label": "Time"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "spinoza.ethics_fr"
    ],
    "passages": 300,
    "word_count": 92036,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 92036,
        "fr": 96231
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "source-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:spinoza.ethics_fr:section-0183",
    "canonical_ref": "section-0183",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "La reconnaissance ou gratitude est ce désir ou ce mouvement d’amour par lequel nous nous efforçons de faire du bien à celui qu’un même sentiment d’amour a porté à nous en faire. (Voy. la Propos. 39 et le Schol. de la Propos. 41, partie 3.).\n\nLa bienveillance est le désir de faire du bien à celui qui nous inspire de la pitié. (Voy. le Schol. de la Propos. 27, partie 3.).\n\nLa colère est le désir qui nous excite à faire du mal à celui que nous haïssons (Voy. le Schol. de la Propos. 39.).\n\nLa vengeance est ce désir qui nous excite par une haine réciproque à faire du mal à celui qui nous a causé quelque dommage. (Voy. le Corollaire 2 de la Propos. 40, partie 3, avec son Scholie.).\n\nLa cruauté ou férocité est ce désir qui nous porte à faire du mal à celui que nous aimons et qui nous inspire de la pitié.\n\nExplication : A la cruauté on oppose la clémence, qui n’est point une affection passive de l’âme, mais la puissance par laquelle l’homme modère sa haine et sa vengeance.\n\nLa crainte est un désir d’éviter par un moindre mal un mal plus grand que nous redoutons. (Voyez le Scholie de la propos. 39, partie 3.).\n\nL’audace est ce désir qui porte un homme à braver, pour accomplir une action, un danger redouté par ses égaux.\n\nLa pusillanimité consiste en ce que le désir d’un homme est surmonté en lui par la crainte d’un danger que ses égaux osent braver.\n\nExplication : La pusillanimité n’est donc que la crainte d’un mal qui généralement n’est pas redouté. C’est pourquoi je ne rapporte pas cette passion au désir. J’ai pourtant voulu l’expliquer ici, parce qu’elle est opposée, en tant qu’on a égard au désir, à la passion de l’audace.\n\nLa consternation est la passion de celui chez qui le désir d’éviter un mal est empêché par l’étonnement où le jette le mal qu’il redoute.",
            "translator": "Émile Saisset or Paul Janet",
            "source_id": "source-1",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "Recognition or gratitude is that desire or movement of love by which we endeavor to do good to one who has been moved by the same feeling of love to do good to us. (See Prop. 39 and the Schol. to Prop. 41, Part 3.)\n\nBenevolence is the desire to do good to one who inspires pity in us. (See the Schol. to Prop. 27, Part 3.)\n\nAnger is the desire that incites us to harm one whom we hate. (See the Schol. to Prop. 39.)\n\nVengeance is the desire that incites us, through reciprocal hatred, to harm one who has caused us some injury. (See Corollary 2 to Prop. 40, Part 3, with its Scholium.)\n\nCruelty or ferocity is the desire that leads us to harm one whom we love and who inspires pity in us.\n\nExplanation: Cruelty is opposed by clemency, which is not a passive affection of the mind, but the power by which a man moderates his hatred and vengeance.\n\nTimidity is a desire to avoid, by means of a lesser evil, a greater evil which we fear. (See the Schol. to Prop. 39, Part 3.)\n\nBoldness is the desire that leads a man, in order to perform an action, to brave a danger feared by his equals.\n\nCowardice consists in a man's desire being overcome within him by fear of a danger which his equals dare to brave.\n\nExplanation: Cowardice is therefore only fear of an evil that is not generally feared. For this reason I do not relate this passion to desire. Nevertheless, I wished to explain it here because, insofar as regard is had to desire, it is opposed to the passion of boldness.\n\nConsternation is the passion of a person in whom the desire to avoid an evil is hindered by the astonishment into which the evil he fears casts him.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "f19e5b85e421c129f154ebc628ff08c0cd34a26915c8eb3233ed6fcb61e840dd"
}