{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "spinoza.ethics_fr",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/ethics-fr/reference-section-0254/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Ethics, Émile Saisset’s French Translation",
    "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
    "date": "composed c. 1661-1675; published in 1677",
    "summary": "Émile Saisset’s translation gives the demonstrative architecture of Spinoza’s Ethics in French. God identified with Nature, mind-body parallelism, analysis of passions, and intellectual blessedness unfold through nineteenth-century terminology.",
    "learning": "Understand the Ethics’ five movements, recognize Saisset’s lexical mediation, and compare a proposition with its proof and scholium.",
    "long_summary": "Definitions, propositions, proofs, and scholia construct a system in which everything follows from divine and natural necessity. The individual strives to persist, encounters other powers, forms more or less adequate ideas, and can convert some passive affects into rational activity.\n\nThis manifestation is not a separate work composed in French by Spinoza. Saisset interprets the Latin through choices concerning substance, soul, understanding, and freedom. Comparing representations reveals mediation without assigning demonstrated claims to the translator.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Europe and the Atlantic, 15th-17th centuries",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Printing, artillery, clocks, ocean-going sail, and navigational instruments change the scale of states, trade, and travel.",
        "science": "Instrumented observation, calculation, anatomy, and astronomy gradually challenge inherited frameworks. Practice remains mixed with ancient authority.",
        "medicine": "Dissection, surgery, plants, and pharmacopoeias expand, but infection, pain, and epidemics remain poorly controlled.",
        "transport": "Walking, horses, coaches, river boats, and great sailing ships. Crossing an ocean takes weeks or months and remains dangerous.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, livestock, and gardens predominate; Atlantic exchange moves maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, and animals with major consequences.",
        "communication": "Printed books, broadsheets, letters, and regular posts speed circulation without making it instant.",
        "clothing": "Doublets, breeches, structured dresses, caps, ruffs, and cloaks use wool, linen, silk, and lace; rank strongly controls silhouette."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Printing, artillery, clocks, ocean-going sail, and navigational instruments change the scale of states, trade, and travel. Instrumented observation, calculation, anatomy, and astronomy gradually challenge inherited frameworks. Practice remains mixed with ancient authority. Dissection, surgery, plants, and pharmacopoeias expand, but infection, pain, and epidemics remain poorly controlled."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking, horses, coaches, river boats, and great sailing ships. Crossing an ocean takes weeks or months and remains dangerous. Printed books, broadsheets, letters, and regular posts speed circulation without making it instant."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, livestock, and gardens predominate; Atlantic exchange moves maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, and animals with major consequences."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Doublets, breeches, structured dresses, caps, ruffs, and cloaks use wool, linen, silk, and lace; rank strongly controls silhouette."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "modern-philosophy",
        "label": "Modern and contemporary philosophy"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "modern",
        "label": "Modern era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "fr",
        "en"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/spinoza/ethics_fr/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 300,
            "role": "complete_source_selection",
            "sha256": "b7ea7c38a17ad498de6a5c1b70e08a735f3f8355aa8401b67550b5c0b693dfbf",
            "source_id": "ethics_fr"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/spinoza/ethics_fr/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 300,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "f4550f8b900e11b7c2e4e9204c8448d5010d66f8dbd78f621ef9c58a44728caa",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "adequate_idea",
            "label": "Adequate idea"
        },
        {
            "id": "affects",
            "label": "Affects"
        },
        {
            "id": "anger",
            "label": "Anger"
        },
        {
            "id": "attachment",
            "label": "Attachment"
        },
        {
            "id": "attribute",
            "label": "Attribute"
        },
        {
            "id": "beneficence",
            "label": "Beneficence"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "conatus",
            "label": "Conatus"
        },
        {
            "id": "desire",
            "label": "Desire"
        },
        {
            "id": "faith",
            "label": "Faith"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "freedom",
            "label": "Freedom"
        },
        {
            "id": "friendship",
            "label": "Friendship"
        },
        {
            "id": "honestum_and_utility",
            "label": "Moral rightness and utility"
        },
        {
            "id": "intellectual_love",
            "label": "Intellectual love of God"
        },
        {
            "id": "knowledge",
            "label": "Knowledge"
        },
        {
            "id": "law",
            "label": "Law"
        },
        {
            "id": "messiah",
            "label": "Messiah"
        },
        {
            "id": "mindfulness",
            "label": "Mindfulness"
        },
        {
            "id": "mode",
            "label": "Mode"
        },
        {
            "id": "necessity",
            "label": "Necessity"
        },
        {
            "id": "power_to_act",
            "label": "Power to act"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "substance",
            "label": "Substance"
        },
        {
            "id": "suffering",
            "label": "Suffering"
        },
        {
            "id": "time",
            "label": "Time"
        },
        {
            "id": "virtue",
            "label": "Virtue"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "spinoza.ethics_fr"
    ],
    "passages": 300,
    "word_count": 92036,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 92036,
        "fr": 96231
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "source-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:spinoza.ethics_fr:section-0254",
    "canonical_ref": "section-0254",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Scholie : Je dis autant qu’il est en lui ; car bien que la plupart des hommes soient ignorants, il en est pourtant qui, dans les nécessités de la vie, sont capables de nous prêter secours, et le secours des hommes est le meilleur de tous : d’où il résulte qu’il est souvent nécessaire de recevoir leurs bienfaits et de leur en faire des remerciements conformes à leur caractère. Ajoutez à cela que, même en refusant un bienfait, il faut s’assurer qu’on ne prendra pas ce refus comme une marque de mépris, et qu’on ne pensera pas que l’avarice nous fait craindre d’être obligés à la reconnaissance ; car alors nos efforts mêmes pour éviter la haine des hommes les indisposeraient contre nous. Je conclus que, dans le refus des bienfaits, il y a une règle à garder, celle de l’utile et de l’honnête.\n\nLes hommes libres seuls sont très reconnaissants les uns à l’égard des autres.\n\nDémonstration : Les hommes libres seuls sont très utiles les uns aux autres, et unis par une étroite et réciproque amitié (en vertu de la Propos. 35, part. 4 et son premier Coroll.). Seuls ils s’efforcent de se faire du bien les uns aux autres par le zèle d’un attachement mutuel (en vertu de la Propos. 37, part. 4). Donc (par la Déf. 34 des passions) les hommes libres seuls sont très reconnaissants les uns pour les autres. C. Q. F. D.\n\nScholie : La reconnaissance qu’ont les uns pour les autres les hommes qu’un désir aveugle conduit est plutôt un marché ou une fourberie qu’une reconnaissance véritable.\n\nL’ingratitude n’est point une passion, et cependant elle est honteuse, parce qu’elle est le fait d’un homme anime de sentiments de haine, de colère, ou d’orgueil, d’avarice, etc. Car je n’appelle pas ingrat un homme qui par sottise ne sait pas rendre les bienfaits qu’il a reçus, et moins encore celui que les dons d’une courtisane ne peuvent décider à satisfaire sa passion, ou qui ne consent point à recevoir les présents d’un voleur pour l’aider à cacher son vol. Un tel homme, au contraire, montre une âme ferme, puisque aucun don ne peut le corrompre et le faire consentir à sa perte ou à celle d’autrui.\n\nL’homme libre n’emploie jamais de mauvaises ruses dans sa conduite : il agit toujours avec bonne foi.",
            "translator": "Émile Saisset or Paul Janet",
            "source_id": "source-1",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "Scholium: I say, as far as lies in him; for although most men are ignorant, there are nevertheless some who, amid the necessities of life, are able to help us, and the help of men is the best of all. Hence it follows that it is often necessary to receive their benefits and thank them in a manner suited to their character. Add to this that, even when refusing a benefit, we must make sure that this refusal will not be taken as a sign of contempt, and that they will not think avarice makes us fear being obliged to show gratitude; for then our very efforts to avoid men's hatred would turn them against us. I conclude that in refusing benefits there is a rule to be observed, namely that of advantage and honorableness.\n\nOnly free men are very grateful to one another.\n\nDemonstration: Only free men are very useful to one another and united by a close and reciprocal friendship (by virtue of Prop. 35, part 4, and its first Coroll.). They alone strive to do good to one another through the zeal of mutual attachment (by virtue of Prop. 37, part 4). Therefore (by Def. 34 of the passions), only free men are very grateful to one another. Q.E.D.\n\nScholium: The gratitude that men guided by blind desire have for one another is more a bargain or a fraud than true gratitude.\n\nIngratitude is not a passion, and yet it is shameful, because it is the deed of a man animated by feelings of hatred, anger, pride, avarice, etc. For I do not call ungrateful a man who through foolishness does not know how to repay the benefits he has received, and still less one whom the gifts of a courtesan cannot induce to satisfy her passion, or who does not consent to accept a thief's presents in order to help him conceal his theft. Such a man, on the contrary, displays a firm mind, since no gift can corrupt him and make him consent to his own ruin or another's.\n\nThe free man never employs evil cunning in his conduct; he always acts in good faith.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
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}