{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "spinoza.ethics_fr",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/ethics-fr/reference-section-0262/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Ethics, Émile Saisset’s French Translation",
    "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
    "date": "composed c. 1661-1675; published in 1677",
    "summary": "Émile Saisset’s translation gives the demonstrative architecture of Spinoza’s Ethics in French. God identified with Nature, mind-body parallelism, analysis of passions, and intellectual blessedness unfold through nineteenth-century terminology.",
    "learning": "Understand the Ethics’ five movements, recognize Saisset’s lexical mediation, and compare a proposition with its proof and scholium.",
    "long_summary": "Definitions, propositions, proofs, and scholia construct a system in which everything follows from divine and natural necessity. The individual strives to persist, encounters other powers, forms more or less adequate ideas, and can convert some passive affects into rational activity.\n\nThis manifestation is not a separate work composed in French by Spinoza. Saisset interprets the Latin through choices concerning substance, soul, understanding, and freedom. Comparing representations reveals mediation without assigning demonstrated claims to the translator.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Europe and the Atlantic, 15th-17th centuries",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Printing, artillery, clocks, ocean-going sail, and navigational instruments change the scale of states, trade, and travel.",
        "science": "Instrumented observation, calculation, anatomy, and astronomy gradually challenge inherited frameworks. Practice remains mixed with ancient authority.",
        "medicine": "Dissection, surgery, plants, and pharmacopoeias expand, but infection, pain, and epidemics remain poorly controlled.",
        "transport": "Walking, horses, coaches, river boats, and great sailing ships. Crossing an ocean takes weeks or months and remains dangerous.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, livestock, and gardens predominate; Atlantic exchange moves maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, and animals with major consequences.",
        "communication": "Printed books, broadsheets, letters, and regular posts speed circulation without making it instant.",
        "clothing": "Doublets, breeches, structured dresses, caps, ruffs, and cloaks use wool, linen, silk, and lace; rank strongly controls silhouette."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Printing, artillery, clocks, ocean-going sail, and navigational instruments change the scale of states, trade, and travel. Instrumented observation, calculation, anatomy, and astronomy gradually challenge inherited frameworks. Practice remains mixed with ancient authority. Dissection, surgery, plants, and pharmacopoeias expand, but infection, pain, and epidemics remain poorly controlled."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking, horses, coaches, river boats, and great sailing ships. Crossing an ocean takes weeks or months and remains dangerous. Printed books, broadsheets, letters, and regular posts speed circulation without making it instant."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, livestock, and gardens predominate; Atlantic exchange moves maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, and animals with major consequences."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Doublets, breeches, structured dresses, caps, ruffs, and cloaks use wool, linen, silk, and lace; rank strongly controls silhouette."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "modern-philosophy",
        "label": "Modern and contemporary philosophy"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "modern",
        "label": "Modern era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "fr",
        "en"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/spinoza/ethics_fr/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 300,
            "role": "complete_source_selection",
            "sha256": "b7ea7c38a17ad498de6a5c1b70e08a735f3f8355aa8401b67550b5c0b693dfbf",
            "source_id": "ethics_fr"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/spinoza/ethics_fr/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 300,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "f4550f8b900e11b7c2e4e9204c8448d5010d66f8dbd78f621ef9c58a44728caa",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "adequate_idea",
            "label": "Adequate idea"
        },
        {
            "id": "affects",
            "label": "Affects"
        },
        {
            "id": "attribute",
            "label": "Attribute"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "conatus",
            "label": "Conatus"
        },
        {
            "id": "desire",
            "label": "Desire"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "freedom",
            "label": "Freedom"
        },
        {
            "id": "honestum_and_utility",
            "label": "Moral rightness and utility"
        },
        {
            "id": "intellectual_love",
            "label": "Intellectual love of God"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "love",
            "label": "Love"
        },
        {
            "id": "mode",
            "label": "Mode"
        },
        {
            "id": "necessity",
            "label": "Necessity"
        },
        {
            "id": "political_union",
            "label": "Political union"
        },
        {
            "id": "power_to_act",
            "label": "Power to act"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "substance",
            "label": "Substance"
        },
        {
            "id": "suffering",
            "label": "Suffering"
        },
        {
            "id": "wisdom",
            "label": "Wisdom"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "spinoza.ethics_fr"
    ],
    "passages": 300,
    "word_count": 92036,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 92036,
        "fr": 96231
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "source-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:spinoza.ethics_fr:section-0262",
    "canonical_ref": "section-0262",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Quant au mariage, il est certain qu’il est d’accord avec la raison, à condition que le désir de l’union sexuelle ne vienne pas seulement du corps, mais qu’il soit accompagné du désir d’avoir des enfants et de les élever avec sagesse. J’ajoute encore cette condition, que l’amour des deux époux ait sa cause principale, non dans le sexe, mais dans la liberté de l’âme.\n\nL’adulation est aussi un moyen de concorde, mais un moyen d’esclave, un moyen criminel et perfide. Aussi personne ne se laisse-t-il prendre à l’adulation que les orgueilleux, qui veulent être au premier rang et n’y atteignent pas.\n\nL’abjection a un faux air de piété et de religion. Mais tout opposée qu’elle soit à l’orgueil, rien est plus près d’un orgueilleux qu’un homme abject (voyez le Schol. de la Propos. 57, part. 4).\n\nLa honte est encore un moyen de concorde, mais seulement en ce qui regarde les choses qui peuvent être cachées. Du reste, la honte étant une sorte de tristesse n’a rien à voir avec l’usage de la raison.\n\nLes autres passions dont l’homme est l’objet, et qui naissent de la tristesse, sont directement contraires à la justice, à l’équité, à l’honnêteté, à la piété et à la religion ; et bien que l’indignation ait une apparence d’équité, il n’en est pas moins vrai que tout régime légal est impossible là où chacun se fait juge des actions d’autrui, et prend en main la défense de ses propres droits et de ceux des autres.",
            "translator": "Émile Saisset or Paul Janet",
            "source_id": "source-1",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "As for marriage, it is certain that it agrees with reason, provided that the desire for sexual union does not arise from the body alone, but is accompanied by the desire to have children and raise them wisely. I add this further condition: that the love of both spouses have its principal cause not in sex, but in freedom of mind.\n\nFlattery is also a means of concord, but a slavish, criminal, and treacherous means. Accordingly, no one is taken in by flattery except the proud, who wish to occupy the first rank and do not attain it.\n\nSelf-abasement has a false appearance of piety and religion. But although it is entirely opposed to pride, nothing is closer to a proud man than a self-abasing one (see the Scholium of Prop. 57, Part 4).\n\nShame is also a means of concord, but only concerning things that can be hidden. Besides, since shame is a kind of sadness, it has nothing to do with the use of reason.\n\nThe other passions of which man is the object and which arise from sadness are directly contrary to justice, equity, honorable conduct, piety, and religion. Although indignation has an appearance of equity, it nevertheless remains true that no legal order is possible where everyone makes himself the judge of another's actions and takes into his own hands the defense of his own rights and those of others.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "d2a66279388ace15e2a68a29bc318898470709a4efadb9b7682f48fa326884ef"
}