{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "spinoza.ethics_fr",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/ethics-fr/reference-section-0296/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Ethics, Émile Saisset’s French Translation",
    "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
    "date": "composed c. 1661-1675; published in 1677",
    "summary": "Émile Saisset’s translation gives the demonstrative architecture of Spinoza’s Ethics in French. God identified with Nature, mind-body parallelism, analysis of passions, and intellectual blessedness unfold through nineteenth-century terminology.",
    "learning": "Understand the Ethics’ five movements, recognize Saisset’s lexical mediation, and compare a proposition with its proof and scholium.",
    "long_summary": "Definitions, propositions, proofs, and scholia construct a system in which everything follows from divine and natural necessity. The individual strives to persist, encounters other powers, forms more or less adequate ideas, and can convert some passive affects into rational activity.\n\nThis manifestation is not a separate work composed in French by Spinoza. Saisset interprets the Latin through choices concerning substance, soul, understanding, and freedom. Comparing representations reveals mediation without assigning demonstrated claims to the translator.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Europe and the Atlantic, 15th-17th centuries",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Printing, artillery, clocks, ocean-going sail, and navigational instruments change the scale of states, trade, and travel.",
        "science": "Instrumented observation, calculation, anatomy, and astronomy gradually challenge inherited frameworks. Practice remains mixed with ancient authority.",
        "medicine": "Dissection, surgery, plants, and pharmacopoeias expand, but infection, pain, and epidemics remain poorly controlled.",
        "transport": "Walking, horses, coaches, river boats, and great sailing ships. Crossing an ocean takes weeks or months and remains dangerous.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, livestock, and gardens predominate; Atlantic exchange moves maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, and animals with major consequences.",
        "communication": "Printed books, broadsheets, letters, and regular posts speed circulation without making it instant.",
        "clothing": "Doublets, breeches, structured dresses, caps, ruffs, and cloaks use wool, linen, silk, and lace; rank strongly controls silhouette."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Printing, artillery, clocks, ocean-going sail, and navigational instruments change the scale of states, trade, and travel. Instrumented observation, calculation, anatomy, and astronomy gradually challenge inherited frameworks. Practice remains mixed with ancient authority. Dissection, surgery, plants, and pharmacopoeias expand, but infection, pain, and epidemics remain poorly controlled."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking, horses, coaches, river boats, and great sailing ships. Crossing an ocean takes weeks or months and remains dangerous. Printed books, broadsheets, letters, and regular posts speed circulation without making it instant."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, livestock, and gardens predominate; Atlantic exchange moves maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, and animals with major consequences."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Doublets, breeches, structured dresses, caps, ruffs, and cloaks use wool, linen, silk, and lace; rank strongly controls silhouette."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "modern-philosophy",
        "label": "Modern and contemporary philosophy"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "modern",
        "label": "Modern era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "fr",
        "en"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/spinoza/ethics_fr/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 300,
            "role": "complete_source_selection",
            "sha256": "b7ea7c38a17ad498de6a5c1b70e08a735f3f8355aa8401b67550b5c0b693dfbf",
            "source_id": "ethics_fr"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/spinoza/ethics_fr/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 300,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "f4550f8b900e11b7c2e4e9204c8448d5010d66f8dbd78f621ef9c58a44728caa",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "adequate_idea",
            "label": "Adequate idea"
        },
        {
            "id": "affects",
            "label": "Affects"
        },
        {
            "id": "attribute",
            "label": "Attribute"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "conatus",
            "label": "Conatus"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "freedom",
            "label": "Freedom"
        },
        {
            "id": "god",
            "label": "God"
        },
        {
            "id": "intellectual_love",
            "label": "Intellectual love of God"
        },
        {
            "id": "mode",
            "label": "Mode"
        },
        {
            "id": "necessity",
            "label": "Necessity"
        },
        {
            "id": "philosophical_eros",
            "label": "Philosophical eros"
        },
        {
            "id": "power_to_act",
            "label": "Power to act"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "roles",
            "label": "Roles and relationships"
        },
        {
            "id": "substance",
            "label": "Substance"
        },
        {
            "id": "suffering",
            "label": "Suffering"
        },
        {
            "id": "virtue",
            "label": "Virtue"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "spinoza.ethics_fr"
    ],
    "passages": 300,
    "word_count": 92036,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 92036,
        "fr": 96231
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "source-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:spinoza.ethics_fr:section-0296",
    "canonical_ref": "section-0296",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Démonstration : Plus une chose a de perfection, plus elle a de réalité (par la Définition 6, part. 2), et en conséquence (par la Propos. 3, part. 3, et son Schol.), plus elle agit et moins elle pâtit ; et en renversant l’ordre de cette démonstration, il en résulte qu’une chose est d’autant plus parfaite qu’elle agit davantage. C. Q. F. D.\n\nCorollaire : Il suit de cette Proposition que la partie de notre âme qui survit au corps, si grande ou si petite qu’elle soit, est toujours plus parfaite que l’autre partie. Car la partie éternelle de l’âme (par les Propos. 22 et 29, part. 5), c’est l’entendement, par qui seul nous agissons (en vertu de la propos. 3, part. 3), et celle qui périt, c’est l’imagination (par la Propos. 21, part. 5), principe de toutes nos facultés passives (par la Propos. 3, part. 3 et la Déf. génér. des passions) ; d’où il suit (par la Propos précéd.) que cette première partie de notre âme, si petite qu’elle soit, est toujours plus parfaite que l’autre. C. Q. F. D.\n\nScholie : Tels sont les principes que je m’étais proposé d’établir touchant l’âme, prise indépendamment de toute relation avec l’existence du corps. Il résulte de ces principes, et tout ensemble de la Propos. 21, part. 1, et de quelques autres, que notre âme, en tant qu’elle est intelligente, est un mode éternel de la pensée, lequel est déterminé par un autre mode éternel de la pensée et celui-ci par un troisième, et ainsi à l’infini ; de telle façon que tous ces modes pris ensemble constituent l’entendement éternel et infini de Dieu.\n\nAlors même que nous ne saurions pas que notre âme est éternelle, nous ne cesserions pas de considérer comme les premiers objets de la vie humaine la piété, la religion, en un mot, tout ce qui se rapporte, ainsi qu’on l’a montré dans la quatrième partie, à l’intrépidité et à la générosité de l’âme.",
            "translator": "Émile Saisset or Paul Janet",
            "source_id": "source-1",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "Proof: The more perfection a thing has, the more reality it has (by Definition 6, Part 2), and consequently (by Proposition 3, Part 3, and its Scholium), the more it acts and the less it is passive. By reversing the order of this demonstration, it follows that a thing is more perfect in proportion as it acts more. Q.E.D.\n\nCorollary: It follows from this Proposition that the part of our soul which survives the body, whether great or small, is always more perfect than the other part. For the eternal part of the soul (by Propositions 22 and 29, Part 5) is the understanding, through which alone we act (by Proposition 3, Part 3), and the part which perishes is the imagination (by Proposition 21, Part 5), the principle of all our passive faculties (by Proposition 3, Part 3, and the General Definition of the passions). From this it follows (by the preceding Proposition) that this first part of our soul, however small it may be, is always more perfect than the other. Q.E.D.\n\nScholium: Such are the principles I intended to establish concerning the soul, considered independently of every relation to the existence of the body. It follows from these principles, together with Proposition 21, Part 1, and several others, that our soul, insofar as it is intelligent, is an eternal mode of thought, which is determined by another eternal mode of thought, and this one by a third, and so on to infinity, in such a way that all these modes taken together constitute God's eternal and infinite understanding.\n\nEven if we did not know that our soul is eternal, we would not cease to regard as the foremost objects of human life piety, religion, in a word, everything that pertains, as demonstrated in the fourth part, to courage and generosity of soul.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
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}