{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "spinoza.short_treatise_fr",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/short-treatise-fr/reference-section-0090/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Short Treatise on God, Man, and His Well-Being, French Manifestation",
    "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
    "date": "c. 1660-1661",
    "summary": "The Short Treatise preserves an early formulation of Spinoza’s thought on God, nature, soul, passions, and freedom. Transmitted through Dutch copies and then translated, it shows a system in formation rather than a version simply identical with the Ethics.",
    "learning": "Compare the Short Treatise’s form with the Ethics, trace conceptual development, and understand cautions imposed by manuscript transmission.",
    "long_summary": "The text affirms divine infinity, discusses attributes and modes, then examines knowledge, love, desire, and affective bondage. Embedded dialogues and continuous exposition give claims a form different from the later geometrical demonstration.\n\nIts material history complicates word-for-word attribution: no complete autograph Latin manuscript directly underlies this French manifestation. Similarities with the Ethics illuminate conceptual development, while differences should remain evidence to interpret rather than errors to repair.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Europe and the Atlantic, 15th-17th centuries",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Printing, artillery, clocks, ocean-going sail, and navigational instruments change the scale of states, trade, and travel.",
        "science": "Instrumented observation, calculation, anatomy, and astronomy gradually challenge inherited frameworks. Practice remains mixed with ancient authority.",
        "medicine": "Dissection, surgery, plants, and pharmacopoeias expand, but infection, pain, and epidemics remain poorly controlled.",
        "transport": "Walking, horses, coaches, river boats, and great sailing ships. Crossing an ocean takes weeks or months and remains dangerous.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, livestock, and gardens predominate; Atlantic exchange moves maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, and animals with major consequences.",
        "communication": "Printed books, broadsheets, letters, and regular posts speed circulation without making it instant.",
        "clothing": "Doublets, breeches, structured dresses, caps, ruffs, and cloaks use wool, linen, silk, and lace; rank strongly controls silhouette."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Printing, artillery, clocks, ocean-going sail, and navigational instruments change the scale of states, trade, and travel. Instrumented observation, calculation, anatomy, and astronomy gradually challenge inherited frameworks. Practice remains mixed with ancient authority. Dissection, surgery, plants, and pharmacopoeias expand, but infection, pain, and epidemics remain poorly controlled."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking, horses, coaches, river boats, and great sailing ships. Crossing an ocean takes weeks or months and remains dangerous. Printed books, broadsheets, letters, and regular posts speed circulation without making it instant."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, livestock, and gardens predominate; Atlantic exchange moves maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, and animals with major consequences."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/19-1610-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Doublets, breeches, structured dresses, caps, ruffs, and cloaks use wool, linen, silk, and lace; rank strongly controls silhouette."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "modern-philosophy",
        "label": "Modern and contemporary philosophy"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "modern",
        "label": "Modern era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "fr",
        "en"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/spinoza/short_treatise_fr/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 122,
            "role": "complete_source_selection",
            "sha256": "739e0216fb27aadb321841b0fa5cd3ecef1adf9772eee86511e1307c07f5b401",
            "source_id": "short_treatise_fr"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/spinoza/short_treatise_fr/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 122,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "be674ba962603b54b6903216602f4e1fca7ba3702e1d6dce4049e8bb26895cb7",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "affects",
            "label": "Affects"
        },
        {
            "id": "anger",
            "label": "Anger"
        },
        {
            "id": "attribute",
            "label": "Attribute"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "freedom",
            "label": "Freedom"
        },
        {
            "id": "god",
            "label": "God"
        },
        {
            "id": "impressions_and_assent",
            "label": "Impressions and assent"
        },
        {
            "id": "intellectual_love",
            "label": "Intellectual love of God"
        },
        {
            "id": "law",
            "label": "Law"
        },
        {
            "id": "love",
            "label": "Love"
        },
        {
            "id": "mode",
            "label": "Mode"
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature"
        },
        {
            "id": "necessity",
            "label": "Necessity"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "spirit",
            "label": "Spirit"
        },
        {
            "id": "substance",
            "label": "Substance"
        },
        {
            "id": "suffering",
            "label": "Suffering"
        },
        {
            "id": "truth",
            "label": "Truth"
        },
        {
            "id": "virtue",
            "label": "Virtue"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "spinoza.short_treatise_fr"
    ],
    "passages": 122,
    "word_count": 36351,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 36351,
        "fr": 37759
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "source-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:spinoza.short_treatise_fr:section-0090",
    "canonical_ref": "section-0090",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Cependant, d’après ce que nous savons par notre propre expérience, il peut arriver que le corps, qui a déjà une direction dans un sens, en prenne une autre dans un autre sens : comme, par exemple, lorsque je tends mon bras, je fais en sorte que les esprits, qui avaient leur mouvement propre, en changent pour se diriger [ 6 ] de ce côté, ce qui, à la vérité, n’arrive pas toujours, mais dépend de la disposition des esprits. La cause de ce que nous disons est que l’esprit, qui est l’idée du corps, est tellement uni avec lui, qu’il ne forme avec lui qu’un tout naturel.\n\nQuant aux effets de l’autre attribut, c’est-à-dire de la pensée, le principal est la représentation des choses ; et en raison de la manière dont nous les percevons, nous éprouvons de la haine et de l’amour, effets qui n’enveloppant en aucune façon l’étendue, ne peuvent pas être attribués à l’étendue mais seulement à la pensée. Ainsi la cause de tous les changements qui se produisent dans ces phénomènes ne doit être cherchée que dans la pensée, et non dans l’étendue : comme nous le voyons dans l’amour, dont la production ou la destruction résulte d’une idée, ce qui a lieu (comme nous l’avons déjà dit) lorsque nous apercevons quelque bien dans l’objet aimé ou quelque mal dans l’objet odieux.\n\nSi maintenant ces deux propriétés agissent l’une sur l’autre, l’une éprouve alors quelque passion de la part de l’autre : par exemple, dans l’étendue, la détermination du mouvement, que nous avons le pouvoir de modifier dans la direction que nous voulons. Cette action, par laquelle une des propriétés pâtit de la part de l’autre se produit de la manière suivante, comme nous avons déjà dit : c’est que l’âme peut faire que les esprits qui seraient mus dans un sens soient mus dans un autre sens ; mais, comme les esprits sont mus de leur côté par le corps et peuvent être déjà déterminés dans leur direction, il arrivera donc qu’ayant ainsi une certaine direction en vertu des lois du corps, et en recevant une autre de l’âme, il se produira en nous des combats, dont nous avons conscience sans avoir conscience de leurs causes, quoique ces causses puissent nous être bien connues d’une autre manière.",
            "translator": "Émile Saisset or Paul Janet",
            "source_id": "source-1",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "Nevertheless, according to what we know from our own experience, it may happen that a body already directed one way takes another direction, as, for example, when I extend my arm, I cause the spirits, which had their own motion, to change it so as to move [6] in that direction. This, to be sure, does not always happen, but depends on the disposition of the spirits. The cause of what we are saying is that the mind, which is the idea of the body, is so united with it that it forms with it a single natural whole.\n\nAs for the effects of the other attribute, that is, thought, the principal one is the representation of things; and because of the manner in which we perceive them, we experience hatred and love. Since these effects in no way involve extension, they cannot be attributed to extension, but only to thought. Thus the cause of all changes occurring in these phenomena must be sought only in thought and not in extension, as we see in love, whose production or destruction results from an idea, which occurs, as we have already said, when we perceive some good in the beloved object or some evil in the hated object.\n\nIf these two properties now act upon one another, one then undergoes some passion from the other, for example, in extension, the determination of motion, which we have the power to alter in whatever direction we wish. This action, through which one of the properties is acted upon by the other, occurs in the following manner, as we have already said: the soul can cause the spirits that would be moved in one direction to be moved in another. But since the spirits are in turn moved by the body and may already be determined in their direction, it will therefore happen that, having a certain direction by virtue of the laws of the body and receiving another from the soul, conflicts will arise within us of which we are conscious without being conscious of their causes, although these causes may be well known to us in another way.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "eb6550540a6cd01fc2a4658ed2c821f34efb53eb509a591590d8ded356f845d2"
}