# Examen réfutatif

- Id: `elenchus`
- Canonical url: `https://prokopton42.com/fr/concepts/examen-refutatif/`
- Language: `fr`
- Editorial status: `substantive_editorial_draft`
- Content checksum: `40bd4b42e88d9ebd9150631a5ea3a31aea35ab2c4af42f5ac2e13bd96f551d6d`

## Résumé

L’examen réfutatif socratique teste une affirmation par questions jusqu’à révéler contradiction, imprécision ou ignorance.

## Présentation

Dans le corpus actuel, cette annotation relie 1 676 passages de 161 œuvres, notamment Papiers d’Abraham Lincoln: courrier reçu et documents de contexte, Témoignages et fragments d’Aristôn de Chios, Éthique à Eudème. Ces rapprochements donnent des points de comparaison vérifiables; ils ne supposent pas que chaque auteur emploie le concept dans le même sens.

## Definition evidence passages

```json
[
    "passage:socrates.plato_laches:189",
    "passage:plato.laches:189",
    "passage:socrates.xenophon_memorabilia:3.8"
]
```

## Aliases

```json
[
    "elenchus",
    "réfutation",
    "refutation",
    "cross-examine",
    "examiner",
    "ἐλεγχ"
]
```

## Statistics

```json
{
    "works": 161,
    "passages": 1676,
    "thinkers": 31,
    "traditions": 11
}
```

## Related traditions

```json
[
    {
        "id": "political-thought",
        "name": "Pensée politique et démocratie",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/courants-de-pensee/pensee-politique-democratie/"
    },
    {
        "id": "stoicism",
        "name": "Stoïcisme",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/courants-de-pensee/stoicisme/"
    },
    {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "name": "Traditions grecques et romaines",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/courants-de-pensee/traditions-grecques-romaines/"
    },
    {
        "id": "buddhism",
        "name": "Bouddhisme",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/courants-de-pensee/bouddhisme/"
    },
    {
        "id": "skepticism",
        "name": "Scepticisme",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/courants-de-pensee/scepticisme/"
    },
    {
        "id": "chinese-thought",
        "name": "Pensées chinoises anciennes",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/courants-de-pensee/pensees-chinoises/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epicureanism",
        "name": "Épicurisme",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/courants-de-pensee/epicurisme/"
    },
    {
        "id": "modern-philosophy",
        "name": "Philosophie moderne et contemporaine",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/courants-de-pensee/philosophie-moderne-contemporaine/"
    },
    {
        "id": "judaism",
        "name": "Judaïsme",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/courants-de-pensee/judaisme/"
    },
    {
        "id": "platonism",
        "name": "Socratisme et platonisme",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/courants-de-pensee/socratisme-platonisme/"
    },
    {
        "id": "christianity",
        "name": "Christianisme",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/courants-de-pensee/christianisme/"
    }
]
```

## Related works

```json
[
    {
        "id": "abraham_lincoln.papers_context",
        "title": "Papiers d’Abraham Lincoln: courrier reçu et documents de contexte",
        "author": "Correspondants et dossier d’archive",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/abraham-lincoln-archive-correspondents/courrier-recu-et-contexte/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristo.testimonia_fragments",
        "title": "Témoignages et fragments d’Aristôn de Chios",
        "author": "Ariston de Chios",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/aristo/testimonia-fragments/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.eudemian_ethics",
        "title": "Éthique à Eudème",
        "author": "Aristote",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/aristotle/eudemian-ethics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.metaphysics",
        "title": "Métaphysique",
        "author": "Aristote",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/aristotle/metaphysics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.nicomachean_ethics",
        "title": "Éthique à Nicomaque",
        "author": "Aristote",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.poetics",
        "title": "Poétique",
        "author": "Aristote",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/aristotle/poetics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.politics",
        "title": "Politique",
        "author": "Aristote",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/aristotle/politics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.rhetoric",
        "title": "Rhétorique",
        "author": "Aristote",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/aristotle/rhetoric/"
    },
    {
        "id": "buddha.anguttara_nikaya",
        "title": "Aṅguttara Nikāya: discours classés par nombres",
        "author": "Siddhartha Gautama / Bouddha",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/buddha/anguttara-nikaya/"
    },
    {
        "id": "buddha.majjhima_nikaya",
        "title": "Majjhima Nikāya: recueil des discours de longueur moyenne",
        "author": "Siddhartha Gautama / Bouddha",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/buddha/majjhima-nikaya/"
    },
    {
        "id": "buddha.samyutta_nikaya",
        "title": "Saṃyutta Nikāya: discours groupés par thèmes",
        "author": "Siddhartha Gautama / Bouddha",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/buddha/samyutta-nikaya/"
    },
    {
        "id": "carneades.ancient_testimonia",
        "title": "Témoignages antiques sur Carnéade",
        "author": "Carnéade",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/carneades/ancient-testimonia/"
    },
    {
        "id": "chrysippus.svf_2",
        "title": "SVF II : logique et physique de Chrysippe",
        "author": "Chrysippe",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/chrysippus/svf-2/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.academica",
        "title": "Académiques",
        "author": "Cicéron",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/cicero/academica/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.brutus",
        "title": "Brutus ou Des orateurs illustres",
        "author": "Cicéron",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/cicero/brutus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.letters_to_atticus",
        "title": "Lettres à Atticus",
        "author": "Cicéron",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/cicero/letters-to-atticus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.letters_to_friends",
        "title": "Lettres aux familiers",
        "author": "Cicéron",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/cicero/letters-to-friends/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.letters_to_quintus",
        "title": "Lettres à Quintus",
        "author": "Cicéron",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/cicero/letters-to-quintus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.de_finibus",
        "title": "Des fins des biens et des maux",
        "author": "Cicéron",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/cicero/de-finibus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.de_natura_deorum",
        "title": "De la nature des dieux",
        "author": "Cicéron",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/cicero/de-natura-deorum/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.philippics",
        "title": "Philippiques",
        "author": "Cicéron",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/cicero/philippics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.tusculan_disputations",
        "title": "Tusculanes",
        "author": "Cicéron",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/cicero/tusculan-disputations/"
    },
    {
        "id": "confucius.analects",
        "title": "Entretiens de Confucius (Lúnyǔ)",
        "author": "Confucius",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/confucius/analects/"
    },
    {
        "id": "diogenes.dio_orations",
        "title": "Discours diogéniques de Dion Chrysostome",
        "author": "Dion Chrysostome",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/dion-chrysostome/dio-orations/"
    },
    {
        "id": "diogenes.pseudo_epistles",
        "title": "Lettres pseudo-diogéniques",
        "author": "Pseudo-Diogène",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/pseudo-diogene/pseudo-epistles/"
    },
    {
        "id": "elizabeth_carter.answers_to_objections",
        "title": "Réponses aux objections concernant la religion chrétienne, par Elizabeth Carter",
        "author": "Elizabeth Carter",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/elizabeth-carter/answers-to-objections/"
    },
    {
        "id": "elizabeth_carter.talbot_letters",
        "title": "Lettres d’Elizabeth Carter à Catherine Talbot",
        "author": "Elizabeth Carter",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/elizabeth-carter/talbot-letters/"
    },
    {
        "id": "elizabeth_carter.vesey_letters",
        "title": "Lettres d’Elizabeth Carter à Elizabeth Vesey",
        "author": "Elizabeth Carter",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/elizabeth-carter/vesey-letters/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epictetus.discourses",
        "title": "Entretiens d’Épictète, recueillis par Arrien",
        "author": "Épictète",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/epictete/discourses/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epictetus.doubtful_fragments",
        "title": "Fragments douteux et apocryphes attribués à Épictète",
        "author": "Épictète",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/epictete/doubtful-fragments/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epicurus.letter_to_herodotus",
        "title": "Lettre à Hérodote",
        "author": "Épicure",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/epicure/letter-to-herodotus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epicurus.letter_to_menoeceus",
        "title": "Lettre à Ménécée",
        "author": "Épicure",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/epicure/lettre-a-menecee/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epicurus.vatican_sayings",
        "title": "Sentences vaticanes",
        "author": "Épicure",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/epicure/vatican-sayings/"
    },
    {
        "id": "heraclitus.fragments",
        "title": "Héraclite : fragments B de Diels",
        "author": "Héraclite",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/heraclitus/fragments/"
    },
    {
        "id": "locke.essay_human_understanding",
        "title": "Essai philosophique concernant l’entendement humain",
        "author": "John Locke",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/john-locke/essay-human-understanding/"
    },
    {
        "id": "locke.second_treatise",
        "title": "Second Traité du gouvernement civil",
        "author": "John Locke",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/john-locke/second-treatise/"
    },
    {
        "id": "marcus_aurelius.meditations",
        "title": "Pensées à moi-même",
        "author": "Marc Aurèle",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/marc-aurele/meditations/"
    },
    {
        "id": "montaigne.essais",
        "title": "Essais",
        "author": "Michel de Montaigne",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/montaigne/essais/"
    },
    {
        "id": "moses.deuteronomy",
        "title": "Deutéronome",
        "author": "Moïse",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/moses/deuteronomy/"
    },
    {
        "id": "moses.leviticus",
        "title": "Lévitique",
        "author": "Moïse",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/moses/leviticus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "moses.numbers",
        "title": "Nombres",
        "author": "Moïse",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/moses/numbers/"
    },
    {
        "id": "musonius_rufus.discourses",
        "title": "Entretiens de Musonius Rufus rapportés par Lucius",
        "author": "Musonius Rufus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/musonius-rufus/discourses/"
    },
    {
        "id": "panaetius.fowler_fragments",
        "title": "Fragments de Panétius dans l’édition Fowler",
        "author": "Panétius",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/panaetius/fowler-fragments/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.alcibiades_1",
        "title": "Premier Alcibiade",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/alcibiades-1/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.alcibiades_2",
        "title": "Second Alcibiade, dialogue pseudo-platonicien",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/alcibiades-2/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.apology",
        "title": "Apologie de Socrate",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/apology/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.charmides",
        "title": "Charmide",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/charmides/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.cratylus",
        "title": "Cratyle",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/cratylus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.critias",
        "title": "Critias",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/critias/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.epinomis",
        "title": "Épinomis, appendice ancien aux Lois",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/epinomis/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.epistles",
        "title": "Lettres attribuées à Platon",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/epistles/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.euthydemus",
        "title": "Euthydème",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/euthydemus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.gorgias",
        "title": "Gorgias",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/gorgias/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.hippias_major",
        "title": "Hippias majeur",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/hippias-major/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.hippias_minor",
        "title": "Hippias mineur",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/hippias-minor/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.ion",
        "title": "Ion",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/ion/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.laches",
        "title": "Lachès",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/laches/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.laws",
        "title": "Les Lois",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/laws/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.lysis",
        "title": "Lysis",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/lysis/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.meno",
        "title": "Ménon",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/meno/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.minos",
        "title": "Minos, dialogue pseudo-platonicien",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/minos/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.parmenides",
        "title": "Parménide",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/parmenides/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.phaedo",
        "title": "Phédon",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/phaedo/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.phaedrus",
        "title": "Phèdre",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/phaedrus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.philebus",
        "title": "Philèbe",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/philebus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.protagoras",
        "title": "Protagoras",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/protagoras/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.republic",
        "title": "La République",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/republique/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.sophist",
        "title": "Le Sophiste",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/sophist/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.statesman",
        "title": "Le Politique",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/statesman/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.symposium",
        "title": "Le Banquet",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/symposium/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.theaetetus",
        "title": "Théétète",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/theaetetus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.theages",
        "title": "Théagès, dialogue d’attribution contestée",
        "author": "Platon",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/platon/theages/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.alexander",
        "title": "Vie d’Alexandre",
        "author": "Plutarque",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/plutarch/alexander/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.caesar",
        "title": "Vie de César",
        "author": "Plutarque",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/plutarch/caesar/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.cato_younger",
        "title": "Vie de Caton le Jeune",
        "author": "Plutarque",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/plutarch/cato-younger/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.progress_in_virtue",
        "title": "Comment reconnaître ses progrès dans la vertu",
        "author": "Plutarque",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/plutarch/progress-in-virtue/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.how_young_man_should_study_poetry",
        "title": "Comment le jeune homme doit écouter les poètes",
        "author": "Plutarque",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/plutarch/how-young-man-should-study-poetry/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.profit_from_enemies",
        "title": "Comment tirer profit de ses ennemis",
        "author": "Plutarque",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/plutarch/profit-from-enemies/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.common_conceptions_against_stoics",
        "title": "Des notions communes contre les stoïciens",
        "author": "Plutarque",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/plutarch/common-conceptions-against-stoics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.on_curiosity",
        "title": "De la curiosité",
        "author": "Plutarque",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/plutarch/on-curiosity/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.moral_virtue",
        "title": "De la vertu morale",
        "author": "Plutarque",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/plutarch/moral-virtue/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.stoic_self_contradictions",
        "title": "Des contradictions des stoïciens",
        "author": "Plutarque",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/fr/ouvrages/plutarch/stoic-self-contradictions/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.tranquillity_of_mind",
        "title": "De la tranquillité de l’âme, Plutarque",
        "author": "Plutarque",
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