The Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics
- Disponibilité
- Texte consultable
- Qualité du texte
- Contrôles automatiques réussis
- Format du texte
- Texte numérique extrait du document
- Type de document
- Étude savante
- Droits d’usage
- Domaine public
- Extraits
- 1 027
page 7
lOO.
THE
EPICUREANS
STOICS,
AND
SCEPTICS
translated
Dr
from
e.
Professor of the
the
german
of
zeller
University of Hei.lelberg
BY
BEV. OSWALD J.
EEICHEL, B.C.L., M.A.
sometime Vice-Principal of
Cuadesden College
NEW AND REVISED EDITION
LONDON
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND
AND NEW YORK: 15 EAST 16".
1892
^li
rights
reseivf.d
STREET
CO.
page 9
PKEFACE.
The present translation aims at supplying an introductory volume to a later period of the history of
mind in Greece, which mav be collectively described
as the post-Aristotelian.
To the moralist and theo-
logian no less than to the student of philosophy this
period
is
one of peculiar interest;
the scientific
for
it
supplied
mould into which Christianity in the
early years of its
growth was cast, and bearing the
shape of which it has come down to us.
The translation has been carefully revised for the
present edition, with the view of rendering more
clear any passages which seemed obscure.
A LA RONDE, NEAR LYMPSTONE, DeVON
August 1891.
:
page 11
CONTENTS.
PART I.
STATE OF CULTURE IN GREECE.
CHAPTER I.
THE INTELLECTUAL AND POLITICAL STATE OF GREECE
AT THE CLOSE OF THE FOUETH CENTURY B.C.
I'AGK
A. Merits
and defects
totle
of the systems of Plato
.
.
.
.
B.
Connection between the theories of
Greek character
C.
Greece after the battle of Chseronea
.
.
and
Aristotle
Aris-
.
,1
.6
and the
.
.
.
.
.12
CHAPTER II.
CHARACTER AND CHIEF FEATURES OF THE
POST-ARISTOTELIAN PHILOSOPHY.
A. Caases forming the post- Aristotelian philosophy
B.
1.
Political causes
.
2.
Intellectual causes
.
Common characteristics of
losophy
.
.
the
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
15
.15
.17
post-Aristotelian phi.
.
,
.
.
.19
.19
1.
Theory subordinated to practice
2.
Peculiar mode of treating* the practical problem
21
These peculiarities illustrated by subsequent phi.
.
.
.
.22
losophy
•3.
.
.
page 12
COXTEA'TS.
VIU
PACK
C.
Development of the post-Aristotelian philosophy
Stoics and Epicureans, Dogma
1. Dogmatic Schools
-
tic Scepticism
Schools
•Jo
....
- influences producing - Sceptic
2.
Sceptical
3.
Religious School of Neoplatonists
ism and Eclecticism
PART II.
THE STOICS.
CHAPTER III.
HISTORY OF THE STOICS UNTIL THE END OF THE
SECOND CENTURY B.C.
A. Zeno
:!i
page 13
CONTENTS.
B.
ix
PAGE
56
Problem proposed to the Stoic philosophy
1.
Its practical character
of!
2.
Necessity for intellectual knowledge
5S
3.
Attitude
Aristo
towards logic and natural science of
- of Zeno and Cleanthes
59
....
C. Divisions of philosophy
.
i
.
1.
Threefold division
2.
Relative importance of each p irt
fir,
.
67
68
.
CHAPTER V.
.....
....
LOGIC OF THE STOICS.
A. General remarks
B.
1.
Field of Logic
2.
Words and thoughts
....
....
Theory of knowledge
1. General character of this theory
2. Prominent points in the theory
perceptions
-
ceptions
C.
- standards of truth
Formal logic
70
73
7t
~7i
- con
11
....
.....
....
....
.
70
'.•2
.
92
Utterance in general
Incomplete expression words the categories
inference
utterance
3. Complete
judgment
1.
-
-
-
2.
lacies
-
94
- fal
110
123
D. Estimate of Stoic logic
.....
1.
Its shortcomings
123
2.
Its value
123
CHAPTEll
THE STUDY OF NATUKE
A. Materialism
.
:
1.
.
VI.
FUNDAMENTAL POSITIONS.
.
.
.
.126
.
.
.
.
.132
1.
Meaning of the Stoic Materialism
2.
Causes which led to Stoic Materialism
Consequences of Stoic Materialism
3.
perceptions
126
- individual
- theory of universal mingling
135
.
page 14
CONTENTS.
PAun
139
B. Dynamical theor}-^ of Nature
Matter and force
Nature of force
13V)
2.
3.
Deity
148
1.
C.
Pantheism
.....
- God as force - God as matter
God identical with the world
2. Relative difference between God and the w oi-ld
1.
3.
Views of Boethus
HI
156
156
1.58
159
CHAPTER VII.
THE STUDY OF NATURE: 2. COURSE, CHARACTER,
AND GOVERNMENT OF THE UNIVERSE.
A.
2.
Origin of the world
End of the world
3.
Cycles in the world's course
1.
B.
....
....
The General Course of the Universe
.....
Nature of Destiny
Reason
C. Nature of the world
163
170
- as Providence - as Generative
Arguments in favour of Providence
3. The idea of Providence determined
2.
161
165
Government of the World
1.
161
....
1.
Its unity and perfection
2.
Moral theory of the world
170
173
175
182
183
.
CHAITER VIII.
THE STUDY OP NATURE: 3. IRRATIONAL NATURE.
187
page 15
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IX.
.
......
THE STUDY OF NATURE
A.
zi
The Soul
1.
Materialistic nature of the soul
2.
Divisions of the soul
:
.
MAN.
4.
PAGE
210
213
.
B. The Individual Soul and the Soul of the Universe
C.
216
219
Freedom and Immortality
CHAPTER X.
^THICS
:
1.
THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE STOIC
ABSTRACT THEORY OF MORALITY.
ETHICS.
A.
The Highest Good
1.
225
Nature of the Highest Good
225
230^
235
239
240
The Good and Evil
3. Pleasure and the Good
2.
B.
.
4.
Negative character of Happiness
5.
The Highest Good as Law
.
.
Emotions and Virtue
243
-
-
The Emotions their nature varieties of
2. Idea of Virtue - positive and negative aspects of
the virtues severally their mutual relations
1.
-
The Wise Man
C.
-
-
243
254
unity of virtue
268
1.
Wisdom and Folly
2.
Universal Depravity
3.
Conversion
268
272
275
.
.
CHAPTER XI.
ETHICS:
2.
THE STOIC THEORY OP MORALS AS
MODIFIED IN PRACTICE.
....
A. Things to be preferred and eschewed
V
y.
2.
3.
Secondarj- goods
Classes of things indifferent
Collision of modified and abstract theory
278
280
281
.
/
210^
284
page 16
CONTENTS.
xu
PAKE
287
290
290
292
293
B. Perfect and intermediate duties
Emotions
C.
.
1.
Permitted affections
2.
Modification of apathy
3.
The state of progress
.
CHAPTER XIT.
ETHICS
:
APPLIED MORAL SCIENCE.
3.
'
The Individual
A.
.
301
.
301
Importance attaching to the individual
2. Cynicism of the Stoics
1.
305
311
B. Social Relations
Origin and use of society
2. Justice and mercy
311
1.
3ir,
.
3.
Friendship
4.
The family and civil life
- aversion to political life
317
- citizenship of the world
320
Man and the Course of the World
332
'
1.
Submission to the course of nature
2.
Suicide
332
335
CHAPTER XIII.
THE RELATION OP THE STOICS TO RELIGION.
A. General connection of Stoicism and Religion
B.
.
2.
Connection of Stoicism with popular faith.
Free criticism of popular belief
3.
The truth in Polytheism
4.
Doctrine of
1.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.341
.
.
.348
.351
.....
......
......
Demons
The Allegorising spirit
1.
2.
3.
Allegorical interpretation of myths
Interpretation of myths respecting the Gods
Allegory applied to heroic myths
C. Prophetic powers
.
1.
Divination
2.
Prophecy explained by natural causes
Causes of divination
3.
.
.
.
.
.
....
.
343
344
.
354
354
357
367
369
370
374
377
page 17
CONTENTS.
xiii
CHAPTER XIV.
THE STOIC PHILOSOPHY AS A WHOLE AND IT3
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS.
A. Inner connection of the system
....
.
.
.382
.
.
.
1.
Ethical side of Stoicism
2.
Scientific side of the Stoic system
3.
Connection of the moral and scientific elements
.
B. Relation of Stoicism to previous systems
1.
2.
383
385
.
.
.
Its relation to Socrates and the Cynics
.
.
Relation to Megarians and Heraclitus
.
.
Relation to Aristotle
Relation to Plato
3.
4.
C.
PAGE
381
The Stoic philosophy as a whole
Its place in history
1.
387
387
392
396
399
400
400
402
.
2. Its onesidedness
PAET III.
THE EPICUREANS.
CHAPTER XV.
.......
.....
EPICUREANS AND THE EPICUREAN SCHOOL.
A. Epicurus
B. Scholars of Epicurus
C.
Epicureans of the Roman period
.
,
404
408
.411
CHAPTER XVI.
CHARACTER AND DIVISIONS OF THE EPICUREAN
TEACHING, THE TEST-SCIENCE OF TRUTH.
A. Character of Epicurean system
1.
....
Its power of sell -preservation
.
,
418
.418
page 18
CONTEXTS.
XIV
....
....
i/ 2. Aim of philosophy according to the Epicureans
r
3.
Divisions of philosophy
\^B. Canonic or the Test-Science of Truth
1.
Sensation and perception
2.
Notions
3.
Opinions
Standard of truth subjective
4.
.
4'JO
.
425
......
.
.
CHAPTER
.
.
.
.
.
XVII.
THE EPICUREAN VIEWS OP NATURE.
A. General Views on Nature
B.
.
PAGE
.
424
425
.428
.
42{t
481
page 19
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIX.
THE MORAL SCIENCE OP THE EPICUREANS;
1. GENERAL VIEWS.
A. Pleasure
{^.^irf^leasxxre the Highest Good
2.
Freedom from pain
.
B. Intellectual Happiness
1.
C.
2.
Intelligence
Reasons for rising superior
3.
Virtue
.
The Wise Man
XV
page 21
PART I.
STATE OF CULTURE IN GREECE.
CHAPTER I.
THE INTELLECTUAL AND POLITICAL STATE OF GREECE
AT THE CLOSE OF THE FOURTH CENTURY.
In Plato and Aristotle Greek Philosophy reached its
greatest perfection. In their hands the Socratic philosophy of conceptions grew into elaborate systems,
Chap.
'
which embraced the whole range of contemporary
knowledge, and grouped it from definite points of a. Merits
view so as to afford a connected view of the universe,
'^^f '^^" ,
jects of till'
The study of nature was by them supplemented by systenu of
careful enquiries into the subject of morals.
It was,
moreover, transformed, enlarged, and enriched by
In metaphysics, the foundations for a
Aristotle.
philosophical structure were deeply laid, everything
being referred to first principles, in a way which no
previous philosopher had before attempted.
A mul-
titude of phenomena which earlier thinkers had carelessly passed over, more particularly the
of mental
research ;
phenomena
were pressed into the service of
new questions were raised new answers
life,
;
B
j^^'!gf^^iJ