De la brièveté de la vie Chapitre 7

In primis autem et illos numero, qui nulli rei nisi vino ac libidini vacant ; nulli enim turpius occupati sunt. Ceteri etiam si vana gloriae imagine teneantur, speciose tamen errant ; licet avaros mihi, licet iracundos enumeres vel odia exercentes iniusta vel bella, omnes isti viribus peccant ; in ventrem ae libidinem proiectorum inhonesta labes est. Omnia istorum tempora excute, aspice quam diu computent, quam diu insidientur, quam diu timeant, quam diu colant, quam diu colantur, quantum vadimonia sua atque aliena occupent, quantum convivia, quae iam ipsa officia sunt : videbis, quemadmodum illos respirare non sinant vel mala sua vel bona. Denique inter omnes convenit nullam rem bene exerceri posse ab homine occupato, non eloquentiam, non liberales disciplinas, quando districtus animus nihil altius recipit, sed omnia velut inculcata respuit. Nihil minus est hominis occupati quam vivere ; nullius rei difficilior scientia est. Professores aliarum artium volgo multique sunt, quasdam vero ex his pueri ad- modum ita percepisse visi sunt, ut etiam praecipere possent. Vivere tota vita discendum est et, quod magis fortasse miraberis, tota vita discendum est mori. Tot maximi viri relictis omnibus impedi- mentis, cum divitiis officiis voluptatibus renuntiassent, hoc unum in extremam usque aetatem egerunt, ut vivere scirent ; plures tamen ex his nondum se scire confessi vita abierunt, nedum ut isti sciant. Magni, mihi crede, et supra humanos errores eminentis viri est nihil ex suo tempore delibari sinere, et ideo eius vita longissima est, quia, quantumcumque patuit, totum ipsi vacavit. Nihil inde incultum otiosumque iacuit, nihil sub alio fuit, neque enim quicquam repperit dignum quod cum tempore suo permutaret custos eius parcissimus. Itaque satis illi fuit; iis vero necesse est defuisse, ex quorum vita multum populus tulit. Nec est quod putes non illos aliquando intellegere damnum suum. Plerosque certe audies ex iis, quos magna felicitas gravat, inter clientium greges aut causarum actiones aut ceteras honestas miserias exclamare interdum : " Vivere mihi non licet." Quidni non liceat ? Omnes illi, qui te sibi advocant, tibi abducunt. Ille reus quot dies abstulit ? Quot ille candidatus ? Quot illa anus efferendis heredibus lassa ? Quot ille ad irritandam avaritiam captantium simulatus aeger ? Quot ille potentior amicus, qui vos non in amicitiam, sed in apparatu habet ? Dis- punge, inquam, et recense vitae tuae dies ; videbis paucos admodum et reiculos apud te resedisse. Adsecutus ille quos optaverat fasces cupit ponere et subinde dicit : " Quando hic annus praeteribit ? " Facit ille ludos, quorum sortem sibi optingere magno aestimavit : " Quando," inquit, " istos effugiam ? " Diripitur ille toto foro patronus et magno concursu omnia ultra, quam audiri potest, complet : " Quando," inquit, " res proferentur ? " Praecipitat quisque vitam suam et futuri desiderio laborat, praesentium taedio. At ille qui nullum non tempus in usus suos confert, qui omnem diem tamquam ultimum ordinat, nec optat crastinum nec timet. Quid enim est, quod iam ulla hora novae voluptatis possit adferre ? Omnia nota, omnia ad satietatem percepta sunt. De cetero fors fortuna, ut volet, ordinet; vita iam in tuto est. Huic adici potest, detrahi nihil, et adici sic, quemadmodum saturo iam ac pleno aliquid cibi, quod nec desiderat et capit. Non est itaque quod quemquam propter canos aut rugas putes diu vixisse ; non ille diu vixit, sed diu fuit. Quid enim si illum multum putes navigasse, quem saeva tempestas a portu exceptum huc et illuc tulit ac vicibus ventorum ex diverso furentium per eadem spatia in orbem egit ? Non ille multum navigavit, sed multum iactatus est.

Among these I reckon in the first place those who devote their time to nothing but drinking and debauchery: for no men are busied more shamefully: the others, although the glory which they pursue is but a counterfeit, still deserve some credit for their pursuit of it - though you may tell me of misers, of passionate men, of men who hate and who even wage war without a cause - yet all such men sin like men: but the sin of those who are given up to gluttony and lust is a disgraceful one. Examine all the hours of their lives: consider how much time they spend in calculation, how much in plotting, how much in fear, how much in giving and deceiving flattery, how much in entering into recognizances for themselves or for others, how much in banquets, which indeed become a serious business, you will see that they are not allowed any breathing time either by their pleasures or their pains. Finally, all are agreed that nothing, neither eloquence nor literature, can be done properly by one who is occupied with something else; for nothing can take deep root in a mind which is directed to some other subject, and which rejects whatever you try to stuff into it. No man knows less about living than a business man: there is nothing about which it is more difficult to gain knowledge. Other arts have many folk everywhere who profess to teach them: some of them can be so thoroughly learned by mere boys, that they are able to teach them to others: but one’s whole life must be spent in learning how to live, and, which may perhaps surprise you more, one’s whole life must be spent in learning how to die. Many excellent men have freed themselves from all hindrances, have given up riches, business, and pleasure, and have made it their duty to the very end of their lives to learn how to live: and yet the larger portion of them leave this life confessing that they do not yet know how to live, and still less know how to live as wise men. Believe me, it requires a great man and one who is superior to human frailties not to allow any of his time to be filched from him: and therefore it follows that his life is a very long one, because he devotes every possible part of it to himself: no portion lies idle or uncultivated, or in another man’s power; for he finds nothing worthy of being exchanged for his time, which he husbands most grudgingly. He, therefore, had time enough: whereas those who gave up a great part of their lives to the people of necessity had not enough. Yet you need not suppose that the latter were not sometimes conscious of their loss: indeed, you will hear most of those who are troubled with great prosperity every now and then cry out amid their hosts of clients, their pleadings in court, and their other honourable troubles, “I am not allowed to live my own life.” Why is he not allowed? because all those who call upon you to defend them, take you away from yourself. How many of your days have been spent by that defendant? by that candidate for office? by that old woman who is weary with burying her heirs? by that man who pretends to be ill, in order to excite the greed of those who hope to inherit his property? by that powerful friend of yours, who uses you to swell his train, not to be his friend? Balance your account, and run over all the days of your life; you will see that only a very few days, and only those which were useless for any other purpose, have been left to you. He who has obtained the _fasces_ for which he longed, is eager to get rid of them, and is constantly saying, “When will this year be over?” another exhibits public games, and once would have given a great deal for the chance of doing so, but now “when,” says he, “shall I escape from this?” another is an advocate who is fought for in all the courts, and who draws immense audiences, who crowd all the forum to a far greater distance than they can hear him; “When,” says he, “will vacation-time come?” Every man hurries through his life, and suffers from a yearning for the future, and a weariness of the present: but he who disposes of all his time for his own purposes, who arranges all his days as though he were arranging the plan of his life, neither wishes for nor fears the morrow: for what new pleasure can any hour now bestow upon him? he knows it all, and has indulged in it all even to satiety. Fortune may deal with the rest as she will, his life is already safe from her: such a man may gain something, but cannot lose anything: and, indeed, he can only gain anything in the same way as one who is already glutted and filled can get some extra food which he takes although he does not want it. You have no grounds, therefore, for supposing that any one has lived long, because he has wrinkles or grey hairs: such a man has not lived long, but has only been long alive. Why! would you think that a man had voyaged much if a fierce gale had caught him as soon as he left his port, and he had been driven round and round the same place continually by a succession of winds blowing from opposite quarters? such a man has not travelled much, he has only been much tossed about.

Les professeurs de toute autre science se trouvent partout en grand nombre. On a vu même des enfants en posséder si bien quelques-unes, qu’ils auraient pu les enseigner. Mais l’art de vivre, il faut toute la vie pour l’apprendre ; et, ce qui t’étonnera peut-être davantage, toute la vie il faut apprendre à mourir. Tant de grands hommes, brisant tout importun lien, ont dit adieu aux richesses, aux emplois, aux plaisirs, pour se consacrer jusqu’au dernier jour à cette unique science de vivre ; et néanmoins presque tous sont sortis de la vie sans avoir, de leur aveu même, trouvé ce secret ; comment ceux dont je parle le posséderaient-ils ? Il n’appartient, crois-moi, qu’à une âme élevée et qui voit à ses pieds les erreurs humaines, de ne se rien laisser dérober de son temps ; et la plus longue vie est celle de l’homme qui, aussi loin qu’elle a pu s’étendre, l’a gardée pour lui tout entière. Aucune partie n’en est restée inculte ou sans emploi ; aucune n’a admis d’usurpateurs : il n’a rien trouvé qui fût digne d’être échangé contre son temps, dont il a été l’avare économe. Aussi son lot lui a-t-il suffi ; mais, et il le faut bien, quel déchet pour ceux dont la vie fut en grande partie gaspillée par la foule ! Et ne crois pas qu’ils ne s’aperçoivent point de ce qu’ils perdent : écoute la plupart de ceux qu’une grande prospérité surcharge, au milieu de leurs troupeaux de clients, ou de leurs procès à soutenir ou d’autres illustres misères, écoute-les s’écrier maintes fois : « Je n’ai pas le temps de vivre ! » Pourquoi ne l’as-tu pas ? Tout ce monde qui t’attire à soi t’enlève à toi-même. Que de jours t’a ravis cet accusé ; et ce candidat ; et cette vieille, lasse d’enterrer ses héritiers ; et ce riche dont la feinte maladie irrite l’espoir de ses cupides flatteurs ; et cet ami puissant qui vous a tous, non dans son amitié, mais dans son étalage ! Eh oui, fais le calcul et la revue de tes jours, tu verras qu’il n’en est resté pour toi que bien peu, et que les jours de rebut . Un autre a obtenu les faisceaux qu’il désirait tant, et il aspire à les déposer, et il répète sans cesse : « Quand l’année sera-t-elle écoulée ? » Celui-ci donne des jeux, honneur qu’il doit au sort et qu’il avait prisé si haut, et il s’écrie : « Quand serai-je quitte de ces embarras ? » On s’arrache cet avocat dans tout le forum ; il encombre la place entière d’un immense concours qui dépasse la portée de sa voix, et lui encore s’écrie : « Quand donc y aura-t-il vacances ? » Chacun presse les instants de son existence ; et l’impatience de l’avenir nous travaille, et le dégoût du présent. Mais l’homme qui met chaque moment à profit, qui règle chaque journée comme si elle était toute sa vie, celui-là ne souhaite ni n’appréhende le lendemain. Eh ! quelle nouvelle jouissance une heure de plus peut-elle lui apporter ? Il a tout connu, il a goûté de tout à satiété : que le sort capricieux ordonne du reste comme il voudra, sa vie est à l’abri du sort. On peut y ajouter, on ne peut rien en ôter ; y ajouter, de quelle manière ? Comme à un convive repu déjà, mais non gorgé, on peut présenter d’autres mets qu’il ne désirait pas, mais qu’il savoure encore .