# Cicéron

- Id: `cicero`
- Canonical url: `https://prokopton42.com/fr/penseurs/cicero/`
- Language: `fr`
- Editorial status: `available`
- Content checksum: `1790bc66bb2bd16acf5be5ad86f5d20416b70635934c8ffac403db96db432284`

## Résumé

Avocat, homme d’État et écrivain romain, Cicéron a donné une langue latine aux débats de la philosophie grecque.

## Présentation

Cette reconstruction est historiquement bornée à 43 av. J.-C.

## Lifespan

```json
{
    "display": "106–43 av. J.-C.",
    "era": "Époque hellénistique et romaine",
    "distance": "il y a 2 068 ans",
    "age_at_death": null
}
```

## Intellectual tradition

```json
{
    "id": "greek-schools",
    "name": "Traditions grecques et romaines",
    "detail": "Académicien / philosophie romaine",
    "labels": [
        "Traditions grecques et romaines",
        "Académicien",
        "philosophie romaine"
    ]
}
```

## Historical cutoff

```json
{
    "year": -43,
    "display": "43 av. J.-C.",
    "reason": "Cicero was killed in 43 BCE; the Augustan settlement and every later reception lie outside his default horizon."
}
```

## Statistics

```json
{
    "works": 21,
    "passages": 8009,
    "languages": [
        "en",
        "fr",
        "lat"
    ],
    "intellectual_exposures": 2,
    "typed_relationships": 0
}
```

## Places

```json
[
    {
        "name": "Arpinum",
        "period": "106 BCE",
        "description": "Lieu de naissance et ancrage familial durable.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://iep.utm.edu/cicero/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Rome",
        "period": "education-43 BCE",
        "description": "Éducation, droit, politique et éloquence.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://iep.utm.edu/cicero/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Athens",
        "period": "79 BCE",
        "description": "Études philosophiques et rhétoriques.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://iep.utm.edu/cicero/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Rhodes",
        "period": "79-77 BCE",
        "description": "Perfectionnement rhétorique auprès de Molon.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://iep.utm.edu/cicero/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Cilicia / Tarsus",
        "period": "51-50 BCE",
        "description": "Gouvernement provincial.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://iep.utm.edu/cicero/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Tusculum",
        "period": "late Republic",
        "description": "Villa et lieu de composition philosophique majeure.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://iep.utm.edu/cicero/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Formiae",
        "period": "43 BCE",
        "description": "Dernière fuite et assassinat à proximité.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://iep.utm.edu/cicero/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Brundisium",
        "period": "58 and 57 BCE",
        "description": "Port de départ vers l'exil puis de retour en Italie.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cicero*.html"
    },
    {
        "name": "Thessalonica",
        "period": "58 BCE",
        "description": "Principal refuge pendant les premiers mois de l'exil.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0022%3Ayear%3Dvolume+1+intro"
    },
    {
        "name": "Dyrrachium",
        "period": "58-57 BCE",
        "description": "Base ultérieure pendant l'exil avant son rappel.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0022%3Ayear%3Dvolume+1+intro"
    },
    {
        "name": "Vibo Valentia / Hipponium",
        "period": "58 BCE",
        "description": "Étape documentée sur la route de l'exil.",
        "confidence": "B",
        "source_url": "https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cicero*.html"
    }
]
```