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Issue 72
A publication of the College of Stoic Philosophers
February 2026
Stoicism and the Warrior Ethos
Nathan W Jones
“Out of every one hundred men, ten shouldn’t even be there, eighty are just targets,
nine are the real fighters, and we are lucky to have them, for they make the battle.
Ah, but the one, one is a warrior and he will bring the others back.”
Attributed to Heraclitus
In the above quote, Heraclitus confirms that the Warrior Ethos is not only defined by the ability to fight but
by the commitment to serve others, and to uphold Virtue through practical application of justice, courage,
temperance and wisdom. Warriors develop their skills over a lifetime by using their experiences to
positively impact their community and support those around them.
Descriptions about the characteristics of a warrior are replete in the literature, and they all sound very Stoic
indeed. In Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Nietzsche 1883, p. 32) the protagonist implores “warriors to let their
highest hope be the highest thought of life” indicating a pursuit of virtuous ideals that transcend ordinary
human experience. Another example is found in the sacred Hindu text Bhagavad Gita (Easwaran 2007, verse
22) which states that a warrior is the “one who is not disturbed by the dualities of happiness and distress, and
is unbothered by the changes of the body, (and) is certainly eligible for liberation.” Musonius Rufus wrote
that “since every man dies, it is better to die with distinction than to live long.” (King 2001, p. 86).
According to these texts, it is clear that there are honourable qualities of a warrior that go beyond the typical
image of an efficient fighting machine, but do these qualities echo the tenets of Stoic Ethics?
This essay aims to align this Warrior Ethos with Stoic
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Ethics. I will begin by exploring the definition of a
just war, then discuss how Stoic Ethics relates to the Warrior Ethos, and finally, discuss the
ethical implications of being a frontline combatant, from a Stoic viewpoint.
A Just War
The idea of a just war has been debated for centuries and is
entrenched in discussions about the morality of warfare.
These debates establish criteria that determine when it is
justifiable to go to war (jus ad bellum), and how to conduct
warfare ethically (jus in bello).
Stoic Ethics offers a clear definition on what a just war is by
emphasising virtue, reason, and the importance of living in
accordance with Nature. This allows the evaluation of the
moral and ethical implications of armed conflict. Since virtue
is the highest good, actions should be guided by reason and
the pursuit of virtue rather than by revenge, passion or desire.
This can be extended to the realm of war, where the
motivation behind armed conflict must be dissected.
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Issue 72
A publication of the College of Stoic Philosophers
February 2026
A just war is one that is fought for virtuous reasons, such as the defense of the home country, the protection
of the innocent, or the restoration of justice. Wars driven by territorial land grabs, racial cleansing, resource
security (oil, lithium, minerals, water), or the desire for power are unjust, as they do not align with the
commitment to virtue.
In The Republic, Plato suggests that war should be waged only for the sake of justice and the common good,
where a just society is one whose rulers (the philosopher-kings) govern with wisdom and virtue. War is
justified when it is necessary to protect the state from external threats or to restore justice. The motivations
behind war must be noble, and the conduct of war must adhere to ethical standards, ensuring that the
innocents are protected with the ultimate goal being peace and harmony (Lee 2007).
Aristotle further develops the idea of a just war in his Nicomachean Ethics and Politics, in which war can
be justified if it serves a greater good. There is an emphasis on the importance of proportionality in warfare,
where the means used in war should be proportional to the ends sought. This principle of proportionality
remains a cornerstone of Just War Theory (Riechberg 2008) and helps to ensure that wars are conducted
within a framework of law and order, rather than descending into cruel anarchy. Aristotle’s principle of last
resort is also significant in Just War Theory as all non-violent options must be exhausted before resorting to
armed conflict. Diplomacy, negotiation, and other peaceful means should be attempted to resolve disputes
before considering war as a viable option (Beresford 2020 and Saunders & Sinclair 1981).
In De Officiis (On
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Duty), Cicero argues that a just war must be declared for a legitimate cause, and asserts
that wars should be conducted with honour and integrity, adhering to the principles of Virtue. The moral
obligations of leaders in wartime must reflect a deep understanding of justice and not promote selfish
political goals. The true measure of a state's greatness lies in its commitment to justice, even in the context
of war (Miller 1913).
Seneca proposes a more critical perspective on war as he often reflects on the futility and destructiveness of
war, arguing that it is not always justified. Seneca emphasises the moral and ethical implications of
violence, suggesting that true strength lies in the ability to resolve conflicts through reason and dialogue
rather than through force. Leaders should seek peaceful resolutions and consider the immense suffering that
war inflicts on individuals and societies. War planners should approach conflict with a clear mind,
understanding that while one cannot control the outcomes of war, one can control their responses and
actions. This acceptance of fate (amor fati) encourages soldiers and leaders to act with integrity and honour,
even in the brutal, pandemonium of battle (Campbell 1969 and The Modern Stoic 2025).
Turning to social oikeiosis (cosmopolitanism), a just war is one that seeks to protect not only the home
nation but also the broader human community. Hollis has suggested that military intervention for War to
prevent genocide and to uphold human rights is viewed as a just cause as serves the global desire to unite
humanity against organised crime and terrorism (Hollis 1992). This aligns with the ideal of promoting the
common good.
However, this view of a just war is problematic as conflict often involves difficult moral dilemmas and
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the
line between just and unjust is often blurred. The suffering and destruction caused by war can challenge the
commitment to virtue and the well-being of humanity. Even Shakespeare detailed the unjustified horrors of
civil war and the trauma of human suffering in the line “O war! Thou son of hell, whom angry heavens do
make their minister” (Lynelle 2017, Act V, Scene 2).
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Issue 72
A publication of the College of Stoic Philosophers
February 2026
Stoic Ethics of War
Since Marcus Aurelius through to modern military personnel, the armed forces have always had a keen
interest in Stoicism with its inherent natural duty/kathekon and resilience acquisition being very attractive to
military leaders (Sellars 2006). This supports the view that “ethical teaching and military responsibility and
duty are in accord with one another” (Bowen 2023, p. 46).
Stoic Ethics encourages a process of reflection and reconciliation, urging individuals to confront the moral
implications of their participation in war. This can lead to a commitment to justice and the rebuilding of
communities, fostering a sense of responsibility for the well-being of others. By advocating for just causes,
ethical conduct, and personal resilience, Stoicism offers valuable guidance for individuals navigating the
moral complexities of war. Stoic Warriors (Sherman 2022, chap.3) comments that an obligation to justice
and the well-being of humanity reminds us that even in the darkest times, soldiers have the capacity, and
duty, to act with integrity and purpose.
The importance of accepting the things we cannot control is an essential Stoic tool. In the context of war,
this acceptance can lead to a more profound understanding of the suffering and chaos that accompany
conflict. Maintaining inner peace and resilience, regardless of external circumstances can be particularly
valuable for soldiers (and civilians), as it encourages individuals to focus on their responses to the horrors of
war rather than becoming overwhelmed by them. By cultivating an attitude of acceptance, individuals can
find strength and purpose even in the most challenging situations.
When Stoic Ethics and the Warrior
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Ethos are combined, it presents a unique set of traits that define a Stoic
warrior. These traits not only guide individuals in their personal lives but also prepare them to face
challenges with resilience and integrity.
A Stoic warrior embodies resilience, the ability to withstand adversity and bounce back from setbacks. This
trait is rooted in the tenet that while we cannot control external events, we can control our responses to them.
A Stoic warrior accepts challenges as part of life, viewing obstacles as opportunities for growth. This
mindset fosters mental toughness, allowing them to endure hardships without succumbing to despair and
panic.
The traits of a Stoic warrior - resilience, discipline, courage, wisdom, humility, integrity, and
compassion - create a powerful framework for navigating life’s challenges. By embodying these qualities,
individuals can cultivate a mindset that not only prepares them for battle but also enriches their everyday
lives, leading to a more fulfilling and virtuous existence.
Discipline is a cornerstone of both Stoicism and the Warrior Ethos. A Stoic warrior practices self-discipline
in all aspects of life, from physical training to emotional regulation. This trait enables them to maintain
focus on their goals, resist temptations, and adhere to their principles, even in the face of distractions or
difficulties. Discipline ensures that a Stoic warrior remains committed to their values and purpose.
Courage plays a significant role in the conduct of military units during war. True courage is not the absence
of fear but the ability to act rightly in the face of fear. Soldiers are called to embody this courage, not only in
battle but also in their moral choices. This means adhering to ethical principles even in the chaos of war,
such as
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treating prisoners humanely and avoiding unnecessary violence. In Stoic Warriors (Sherman 2022,
Chap.2) suggests that soldiers should remain rational and reflective, making decisions based on ethical
considerations rather than succumbing to the passions that often accompany warfare. Courage is essential
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Issue 72
A publication of the College of Stoic Philosophers
February 2026
for any warrior, but for a Stoic warrior, it takes on a deeper meaning - it is not merely the absence of fear
but the ability to act rightly in the face of fear. A Stoic warrior confronts their fears with rationality,
understanding that fear is a natural human emotion. This cultivates the courage to face uncomfortable
truths, make difficult decisions, and stand up for their beliefs, regardless of the consequences.
Wisdom, the ability to discern what is truly important, is a vital trait of a Stoic warrior. This involves
understanding the nature of the world, recognising what is within one’s control, and making decisions based
on reason alone. A Stoic warrior seeks knowledge and understanding, learning from experiences and the
teachings of others. This wisdom guides their actions and helps them navigate the complexities of both
civilian and military life with clarity.
A Stoic warrior practices humility, recognizing their limitations and the transient nature of life (Putnam
2003). They understand that no one is infallible and that everyone has room for growth. This trait fosters a
sense of gratitude and appreciation for others, allowing a Stoic warrior to learn from those around them.
Humility also prevents arrogance, ensuring that they remain grounded and focused on their mission rather
than seeking personal glory. Integrity is the alignment of one’s actions with their values and principles. A
Stoic warrior acts with honesty and honour, even when faced with temptations to compromise. This trait
builds trust and respect, both to oneself and from others. A Stoic warrior understands that true strength lies
in maintaining one’s moral compass, regardless of external pressures.
After a conflict,
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individuals and societies must grapple with, and process, the consequences of their actions
(Sherman 2022, chap. 6). The emotions experienced by the aftermath of war also invites reflection, as this is
up to us. The importance of learning from experiences and striving for personal growth results in resilience.
While stoicism is often associated with emotional detachment, a Stoic warrior recognises the importance of
compassion. They understand that everyone faces struggles and that empathy can strengthen bonds and
foster cooperation. A Stoic warrior uses their strength not only for personal gain but also to uplift others,
embodying the Stoic principle of interconnectedness.
Ethical Implications of Combatants
Stoic philosophy offers a profound lens through which to examine the moral complexities faced by a soldier
in the act of combat, whose ultimate aim is killing the enemy. From a Stoic perspective, the act of killing in
battle is not inherently good or evil; rather, it is the intention and context that matter. Stoics believe that
virtue is the highest good, and actions should align with reason and moral integrity. A soldier, therefore,
must reflect on the motivations behind their actions. If the act of killing is driven by a sense of duty to
protect one’s country, comrades, or innocent lives, it may be viewed as a necessity in the pursuit of a greater
good. The Stoic soldier recognises that while the act of taking a life is grave, it can be justified in the
context of defending justice and maintaining order. Death is not merely an event, or tragic accident, but an
opportunity and proof of the sanctification of a lifetime. From a Logic viewpoint, killing could be the only
logical outcome. Stoicism views suicide as justified if it has a rational outcome, therefore
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killing an enemy
to serve a rational outcome like Justice or protect society is acceptable (Long, p. 206).
Further, Stoicism teaches the importance of emotional resilience. A soldier may experience a range of
emotions (fear, anger, guilt) when faced with the necessity of killing an enemy. Stoics advocate for the
practice of apatheia, the ability to remain undisturbed by external events. This does not mean suppressing
emotions but rather understanding and managing them. A Stoic soldier would strive to maintain composure,
recognising that emotions are natural but should not dictate one’s actions. By cultivating inner strength and
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Issue 72
A publication of the College of Stoic Philosophers
February 2026
clarity of thought, the soldier can approach the act of killing with a sense of detachment, focusing on the
duty at hand rather than being overwhelmed by personal feelings, such as guilt or remorse.
The Stoic view also emphasizes the interconnectedness of humanity. Marcus Aurelius, in his meditations,
often reflects on the idea that all humans are part of a larger whole. This perspective can lead to a complex
understanding of the enemy. While the soldier may be required to kill, they must also acknowledge the
shared humanity of their adversary. This recognition can foster a sense of compassion, even in the midst of
conflict, and is visible in the Warrior Ethos. The Stoic soldier understands that the enemy, too, has their own
reasons, fears, and struggles. This awareness can mitigate the dehumanisation that often accompanies
warfare, allowing the soldier to act with a sense of moral clarity.
Furthermore, Stoicism teaches acceptance of fate. In the chaos of battle, a soldier must accept the
unpredictability of life and death. The Stoic soldier understands that while they can control their actions and
responses, they cannot control the outcomes of those actions. This acceptance can provide solace in the face
of loss, whether it be the loss of comrades or the burden of having taken a life. By embracing the
inevitability of fate, the soldier can find peace amidst the turmoil of war.
The Stoic view of a soldier killing an enemy is complex, emphasising virtue, emotional resilience,
interconnectedness, and acceptance of fate. While the act of killing is fraught with moral complexity,
Stoicism provides a framework for understanding and navigating these challenges. A Stoic soldier
approaches the