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Aristotle
Metaphysics Section 10
Section 2 of 142
Canonical reference 1.10
Ancient Greek
ὅτι μὲν οὖν τὰς εἰρημένας ἐν τοῖς φυσικοῖς αἰτίας ζητεῖν ἐοίκασι πάντες, καὶ τούτων ἐκτὸς οὐδεμίαν ἔχοιμεν ἂν εἰπεῖν, δῆλον καὶ ἐκ τῶν πρότερον εἰρημένων· ἀλλʼ ἀμυδρῶς ταύτας, καὶ τρόπον μέν τινα πᾶσαι πρότερον εἴρηνται τρόπον δέ τινα οὐδαμῶς. ψελλιζομένῃ γὰρ ἔοικεν ἡ πρώτη φιλοσοφία περὶ πάντων, ἅτε νέα τε καὶ κατʼ ἀρχὰς οὖσα καὶ τὸ πρῶτον , ἐπεὶ καὶ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς ὀστοῦν τῷ λόγῳ φησὶν εἶναι, τοῦτο δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι καὶ ἡ οὐσία τοῦ πράγματες. ἀλλὰ μὴν ὁμοίως ἀναγκαῖον καὶ σάρκας καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἕκαστον εἶναι τὸν λόγον, ἢ μηδὲ ἕν· διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ σὰρξ καὶ ὀστοῦν ἔσται καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἕκαστον καὶ οὐ διὰ τὴν ὕλην, ἣν ἐκεῖνος λέγει, πῦρ καὶ γῆν καὶ ὕδωρ καὶ ἀέρα. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα ἄλλου μὲν λέγοντος συνέφησεν ἂν ἐξ ἀνάγκης, σαφῶς δὲ οὐκ εἴρηκεν. περὶ μὲν οὖν τούτων δεδήλωται καὶ πρότερον· ὅσα δὲ περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν τούτων ἀπορήσειεν ἄν τις, ἐπανέλθωμεν πάλιν· τάχα γὰρ ἂν ἐξ αὐτῶν εὐπορήσαιμέν τι πρὸς τὰς ὕστερον ἀπορίας.
English
Hugh Tredennick, 1933-1935
Thus it is obvious, from the statements of earlier thinkers also, that all inquiry is apparently directed towards the causes described in the Physics , and that we cannot suggest any other cause apart from these. They were, however, only vaguely conceived; and although in one sense they have all been stated before, in another they have not been stated at all. For the earliest philosophy speaks falteringly, as it were, on all subjects; being new and in its infancy. Even Empedocles says that bone exists by virtue of its ratio, which is the definition or essence of a thing. But by similar reasoning both flesh and every other thing, or else nothing at all, must be ratio; for it must be because of this, and not because of their matter - which he calls fire, earth, water and air - that flesh and bone and every other thing exists. If anyone else had stated this, he would necessarily have agreed, but his own statement was not clear. These and similar points have been explained already. We will now return to the difficulties which might be raised about these same questions, for they may throw some light upon subsequent difficulties.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-13
Il est donc manifeste, d’après les déclarations des penseurs antérieurs également, que toute recherche paraît orientée vers les causes décrites dans la Physique, et que nous ne pouvons proposer aucune autre cause en dehors de celles-ci. Elles n’ont toutefois été conçues que confusément ; et, bien qu’en un sens elles aient toutes été énoncées auparavant, en un autre sens elles ne l’ont aucunement été. Car la philosophie la plus ancienne s’exprime, pour ainsi dire, en balbutiant sur tous les sujets, parce qu’elle est nouvelle et encore dans l’enfance.
Empédocle lui-même dit que l’os existe en vertu de son rapport, lequel est la définition ou l’essence d’une chose. Mais, suivant un raisonnement semblable, la chair et toute autre chose doivent elles aussi être rapport, à moins que rien ne le soit ; car ce doit être en raison de cela, et non en raison de leur matière, qu’il appelle feu, terre, eau et air, que la chair, l’os et toute autre chose existent. Si quelqu’un d’autre avait formulé cette proposition, il aurait nécessairement donné son assentiment, mais sa propre déclaration manquait de clarté.
Ces points et d’autres semblables ont déjà été expliqués. Revenons maintenant aux difficultés que l’on pourrait soulever au sujet de ces mêmes questions, car elles pourront jeter quelque lumière sur les difficultés ultérieures.
Concepts in this passage
Aporia
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Care of the soul
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Family
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Friendship
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Knowledge
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Messiah
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Nature
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Necessity
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Reason
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Roles and relationships
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Substance
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Virtue
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War and peace
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