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Aristotle
Nicomachean Ethics Section 9
Section 52 of 116
Canonical reference 4.9
Ancient Greek
περὶ δὲ αἰδοῦς ὥς τινος ἀρετῆς οὐ προσήκει λέγειν· πάθει γὰρ μᾶλλον ἔοικεν ἢ ἕξει. ὁρίζεται γοῦν φόβος τις ἀδοξίας, καὶ ἀποτελεῖται τῷ περὶ τὰ δεινὰ φόβῳ παραπλήσιον· ἐρυθραίνονται γὰρ οἱ αἰσχυνόμενοι, οἱ δὲ τὸν θάνατον φοβούμενοι ὠχριῶσιν. σωματικὰ δὴ φαίνεταί πως εἶναι ἀμφότερα, ὅπερ δοκεῖ πάθους μᾶλλον ἢ ἕξεως εἶναι. οὐ πάσῃ δʼ ἡλικίᾳ τὸ πάθος ἁρμόζει, ἀλλὰ τῇ νέᾳ. οἰόμεθα γὰρ δεῖν τοὺς τηλικούτους αἰδήμονας εἶναι διὰ τὸ πάθει ζῶντας πολλὰ ἁμαρτάνειν, ὑπὸ τῆς αἰδοῦς δὲ κωλύεσθαι· καὶ ἐπαινοῦμεν τῶν μὲν νέων τοὺς αἰδήμονας, πρεσβύτερον δʼ οὐδεὶς ἂν ἐπαινέσειεν ὅτι αἰσχυντηλός· οὐδὲν γὰρ οἰόμεθα δεῖν αὐτὸν πράττειν ἐφʼ οἷς ἐστὶν αἰσχύνη. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐπιεικοῦς ἐστὶν ἡ αἰσχύνη, εἴπερ γίνεται ἐπὶ τοῖς φαύλοις (οὐ γὰρ πρακτέον τὰ τοιαῦτα· εἰ δʼ ἐστὶ τὰ μὲν κατʼ ἀλήθειαν αἰσχρὰ τὰ δὲ κατὰ δόξαν, οὐδὲν διαφέρει· οὐδέτερα γὰρ πρακτέα, ὥστʼ οὐκ αἰσχυντέον)· φαύλου δὲ καὶ τὸ εἶναι τοιοῦτον οἷον πράττειν τι τῶν αἰσχρῶν. τὸ δʼ οὕτως ἔχειν ὥστʼ εἰ πράξαι τι τῶν τοιούτων αἰσχύνεσθαι, καὶ διὰ τοῦτʼ οἴεσθαι ἐπιεικῆ εἶναι, ἄτοπον· ἐπὶ τοῖς ἑκουσίοις γὰρ ἡ αἰδώς, ἑκὼν δʼ ὁ ἐπιεικὴς οὐδέποτε πράξει τὰ φαῦλα. εἴη δʼ ἂν ἡ αἰδὼς ἐξ ὑποθέσεως ἐπιεικές· εἰ γὰρ πράξαι, αἰσχύνοιτʼ ἄν· οὐκ ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο περὶ τὰς ἀρετάς. εἰ δʼ ἡ ἀναισχυντία φαῦλον καὶ τὸ μὴ αἰδεῖσθαι τὰ αἰσχρὰ πράττειν, οὐδὲν μᾶλλον τὸν τὰ τοιαῦτα πράττοντα αἰσχύνεσθαι ἐπιεικές. οὐκ ἔστι δʼ οὐδʼ ἡ ἐγκράτεια ἀρετή, ἀλλά τις μικτή· δειχθήσεται δὲ περὶ αὐτῆς ἐν τοῖς ὕστερον. νῦν δὲ περὶ δικαιοσύνης εἴπωμεν.
English
Harris Rackham, 1926
Modesty cannot properly be described as a virtue, for it seems to be a feeling rather than a disposition; at least it is defined as a kind of fear of disrepute, and indeed in its effects it is akin to the fear of danger; for people who are ashamed blush, while those in fear of their lives turn pale; both therefore appear to be in a sense bodily affections, and this indicates a feeling rather than a disposition. The feeling of modesty is not suitable to every age, but only to the young. We think it proper for the young to be modest, because as they live by feeling they often err, and modesty may keep them in check; and we praise young people when they are modest, though no one would praise an older man for being shamefaced, since we think he ought not to do anything of which he need be ashamed. For indeed the virtuous man does not feel shame, if shame is the feeling caused by base actions; since one ought not to do base actions (the distinction between acts really shameful and those reputed to be so is immaterial, since one ought not to do either), and so one never ought to feel shame. Shame is a mark of a base man, and springs from a character capable of doing a shameful act. And it is absurd that, because a man is of such a nature that he is ashamed if he does a shameful act, he should therefore think himself virtuous, since actions to cause shame must be voluntary, but a virtuous man will never voluntarily do a base action. Modesty can only be virtuous conditionally - in the sense that a good man would be ashamed if he were to do so and so; but the virtues are not conditional. And though shamelessness and not shrinking from shameful actions is base, this does not prove that to be ashamed when one a does shameful acts is virtuous - any more than Self-restraint is a virtue, and not rather a mixture of virtue and vice. But this will be explained later. Let us now speak of Justice.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-13
La pudeur ne peut à proprement parler être décrite comme une vertu, car elle semble être un sentiment plutôt qu’une disposition. Du moins la définit-on comme une sorte de crainte du déshonneur, et, dans ses effets, elle s’apparente en effet à la peur du danger. Ceux qui ont honte rougissent, tandis que ceux qui craignent pour leur vie pâlissent. Toutes deux paraissent donc être, en un sens, des affections corporelles, ce qui indique un sentiment plutôt qu’une disposition. Le sentiment de pudeur ne convient pas à tout âge, mais seulement à la jeunesse. Nous estimons qu’il est convenable que les jeunes gens soient pudiques, parce que, vivant sous l’empire du sentiment, ils commettent souvent des fautes, et que la pudeur peut les retenir. Nous louons les jeunes gens lorsqu’ils sont pudiques, mais nul ne louerait un homme plus âgé d’être honteux, puisque nous pensons qu’il ne devrait rien faire dont il ait à rougir. En effet, l’homme vertueux n’éprouve pas de honte, si la honte est le sentiment causé par des actions viles, puisqu’on ne doit pas accomplir d’actions viles. La distinction entre les actes réellement honteux et ceux qui passent pour tels est sans importance, car il ne faut accomplir ni les uns ni les autres. On ne devrait donc jamais éprouver de honte. La honte est la marque d’un homme vil et naît d’un caractère capable d’accomplir un acte honteux. Et il est absurde qu’un homme, parce qu’il est d’une nature telle qu’il éprouve de la honte s’il accomplit un acte honteux, se croie pour autant vertueux, puisque les actions qui causent la honte doivent être volontaires, tandis qu’un homme vertueux n’accomplira jamais volontairement une action vile. La pudeur ne peut être vertueuse que sous condition, en ce sens qu’un homme de bien aurait honte s’il accomplissait telle ou telle action. Mais les vertus ne sont pas conditionnelles. Et bien que l’impudence et l’absence de répugnance devant les actions honteuses soient viles, cela ne prouve pas qu’éprouver de la honte lorsqu’on accomplit des actes honteux soit vertueux, pas plus que la maîtrise de soi n’est une vertu, plutôt qu’un mélange de vertu et de vice. Mais cela sera expliqué plus tard. Parlons maintenant de la Justice.
Concepts in this passage
Affects
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Anger
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Care of the soul
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Death
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Ether and field
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Family
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Fear
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Intelligible forms
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Friendship
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Justice
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Mode
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Nature
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Pleasure
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Reason
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Self-governance
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Sin
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Virtue
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