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Aristotle
Rhetoric Section 12
Section 191 of 882
Canonical reference 1.4.12
Ancient Greek
εἰς δʼ ἀσφάλειαν ἅπαντα μὲν ταῦτα ἀναγκαῖον δύνασθαι θεωρεῖν, οὐκ ἐλάχιστον δὲ περὶ νομοθεσίας ἐπαΐειν· ἐν γὰρ τοῖς νόμοις ἐστὶν ἡ σωτηρία τῆς πόλεως, ὥστʼ ἀναγκαῖον εἰδέναι πόσα τέ ἐστι πολιτειῶν εἴδη, καὶ ποῖα συμφέρει ἑκάστῃ, καὶ ὑπὸ τίνων φθείρεσθαι πέφυκεν καὶ οἰκείων τῆς πολιτείας καὶ ἐναντίων. λέγω δὲ τὸ ὑπὸ οἰκείων φθείρεσθαι, ὅτι ἔξω τῆς βελτίστης πολιτείας αἱ ἄλλαι πᾶσαι καὶ ἀνιέμεναι καὶ ἐπιτεινόμεναι φθείρονται, οἷον δημοκρατία οὐ μόνον ἀνιεμένη ἀσθενεστέρα γίγνεται ὥστε τέλος ἥξει εἰς ὀλιγαρχίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπιτεινομένη σφόδρα· ὥσπερ καὶ ἡ γρυπότης καὶ ἡ σιμότης οὐ μόνον ἀνιέμενα ἔρχεται εἰς τὸ μέσον, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα γρυπὰ γινόμενα ἢ σιμὰ οὕτως διατίθεται ὥστε μηδὲ μυκτῆρα δοκεῖν εἶναι.
English
J. H. Freese, 1926
With a view to the safety of the State, it is necessary that the orator should be able to judge of all these questions, but an understanding of legislation is of special importance, for it is on the laws that the safety of the State is based. Wherefore he must know how many forms of government there are; what is expedient for each; and the natural causes of its downfall, whether they are peculiar to the particular form of government or opposed to it. By being ruined by causes peculiar to itself, I mean that, with the exception of the perfect form of government, all the rest are ruined by being relaxed or strained to excess. Thus democracy, not only when relaxed, but also when strained to excess, becomes weaker and will end in an oligarchy; similarly, not only does an aquiline or snub nose reach the mean, when one of these defects is relaxed, but when it becomes aquiline or snub to excess, it is altered to such an extent that even the likeness of a nose is lost.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-13
Pour assurer la sécurité de l’État, il est nécessaire que l’orateur soit capable de juger de toutes ces questions, mais la compréhension de la législation revêt une importance particulière, car c’est sur les lois que repose la sécurité de l’État. Il doit donc connaître le nombre des formes de gouvernement, ce qui est utile à chacune et les causes naturelles de sa ruine, qu’elles soient propres à la forme de gouvernement considérée ou opposées à elle. Lorsque je dis qu’un gouvernement est ruiné par des causes qui lui sont propres, j’entends que, à l’exception de la forme parfaite de gouvernement, toutes les autres sont ruinées lorsqu’elles se relâchent ou se tendent à l’excès. Ainsi, la démocratie, non seulement quand elle se relâche, mais aussi quand elle est poussée à l’excès, s’affaiblit et finira en oligarchie. De même, un nez aquilin ou camus n’atteint pas seulement le juste milieu lorsque l’un de ces défauts s’atténue; lorsqu’il devient aquilin ou camus à l’excès, il est altéré au point de perdre même l’apparence d’un nez.
Concepts in this passage
Anger
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Democracy
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Ether and field
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Fear
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Intelligible forms
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Moral rightness and utility
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Judgment
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Justice
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Law
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Nature
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Necessity
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Reason
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Rhetoric
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