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Aristotle
Rhetoric Section 10
Section 546 of 882
Canonical reference 2.24.10
Ancient Greek
ἔτι ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς ἐριστικοῖς παρὰ τὸ ἁπλῶς καὶ μὴ ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ τί, γίγνεται φαινόμενος συλλογισμός, οἷον ἐν μὲν τοῖς διαλεκτικοῖς ὅτι ἔστι τὸ μὴ ὄν ὄν , ἔστι γὰρ τὸ μὴ ὂν μὴ ὄν, καὶ ὅτι ἐπιστητὸν τὸ ἄγνωστον, ἔστιν γὰρ ἐπιστητὸν τὸ ἄγνωστον ὅτι ἄγνωστον, οὕτως καὶ ἐν τοῖς ῥητορικοῖς ἐστιν φαινόμενον ἐνθύμημα παρὰ τὸ μὴ ἁπλῶς εἰκὸς ἀλλὰ τὶ εἰκός. ἔστιν δὲ τοῦτο οὐ καθόλου, ὥσπερ καὶ Ἀγάθων λέγει τάχʼ ἄν τις εἰκὸς αὐτὸ τοῦτʼ εἶναι λέγοι, βροτοῖσι πολλὰ τυγχάνειν οὐκ εἰκότα. γίγνεται γὰρ τὸ παρὰ τὸ εἰκός, ὥστε εἰκὸς καὶ τὸ παρὰ τὸ εἰκός, εἰ δὲ τοῦτο, ἔσται τὸ μὴ εἰκὸς εἰκός. ἀλλʼ οὐχ ἁπλῶς, ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐριστικῶν τὸ κατὰ τί καὶ πρὸς τί καὶ πῇ οὐ προστιθέμενα ποιεῖ τὴν συκοφαντίαν, καὶ ἐνταῦθα παρὰ τὸ εἰκὸς εἶναι μὴ ἁπλῶς ἀλλὰ τὶ εἰκός.
English
J. H. Freese, 1926
Further, as in sophistical disputations, an apparent syllogism arises as the result of considering a thing first absolutely, and then not absolutely, but only in a particular case. For instance, in Dialectic, it is argued that that which is not is , for that which is not is that which is not ; also, that the unknown can be known, for it can be known of the unknown that it is unknown. Similarly, in Rhetoric, an apparent enthymeme may arise from that which is not absolutely probable but only in particular cases. But this is not to be understood absolutely, as Agathon says: One might perhaps say that this very thing is probable, that many things happen to men that are not probable; for that which is contrary to probability nevertheless does happen, so that that which is contrary to probability is probable. If this is so, that which is improbable will be probable. But not absolutely; but as, in the case of sophistical disputations, the argument becomes fallacious when the circumstances, reference, and manner are not added, so here it will become so owing to the probability being not probable absolutely but only in particular cases.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-13
En outre, comme dans les disputes sophistiques, un syllogisme apparent naît du fait que l’on considère d’abord une chose absolument, puis non plus absolument, mais seulement dans un cas particulier. Par exemple, en dialectique, on soutient que ce qui n’est pas est, car ce qui n’est pas est ce qui n’est pas ; ou encore que l’inconnu peut être connu, car on peut savoir de l’inconnu qu’il est inconnu. De même, en rhétorique, un enthymème apparent peut naître de ce qui n’est pas vraisemblable absolument, mais seulement dans des cas particuliers. Il ne faut toutefois pas l’entendre absolument, comme le dit Agathon : « On pourrait peut-être dire que cela même est vraisemblable : bien des choses invraisemblables arrivent aux hommes. » Car ce qui est contraire à la vraisemblance arrive néanmoins, de sorte que ce qui est contraire à la vraisemblance est vraisemblable. S’il en est ainsi, l’invraisemblable sera vraisemblable. Mais il ne le sera pas absolument. De même que, dans les disputes sophistiques, l’argument devient fallacieux lorsqu’on omet les circonstances, le rapport et la manière, de même ici il le devient parce que la vraisemblance n’est pas absolue, mais ne vaut que dans des cas particuliers.
Concepts in this passage
Anger
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Dialectic
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Fear
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Justice
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Probable judgment
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Reason
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Rhetoric
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Roles and relationships
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