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Aristotle

Rhetoric Section 1

Section 624 of 882

Canonical reference 2.5.1

Ancient Greek

ποῖα δὲ φοβοῦνται καὶ τίνας καὶ πῶς ἔχοντες, ὧδʼ ἔσται φανερόν. ἔστω δὴ ὁ φόβος λύπη τις ἢ ταραχὴ ἐκ φαντασίας μέλλοντος κακοῦ φθαρτικοῦ ἢ λυπηροῦ· οὐ γὰρ πάντα τὰ κακὰ φοβοῦνται, οἷον εἰ ἔσται ἄδικος ἢ βραδύς, ἀλλʼ ὅσα λύπας μεγάλας ἢ φθορὰς δύναται, καὶ ταῦτα ἐὰν μὴ πόρρω ἀλλὰ σύνεγγυς φαίνηται ὥστε μέλλειν. τὰ γὰρ πόρρω σφόδρα οὐ φοβοῦνται· ἴσασι γὰρ πάντες ὅτι ἀποθανοῦνται, ἀλλʼ ὅτι οὐκ ἐγγύς, οὐδὲν φροντίζουσιν.

English

J. H. Freese, 1926

Let fear be defined as a painful or troubled feeling caused by the impression of an imminent evil that causes destruction or pain; for men do not fear all evils, for instance, becoming unjust or slow-witted, but only such as involve great pain or destruction, and only if they appear to be not far off but near at hand and threatening, for men do not fear things that are very remote; all know that they have to die, but as death is not near at hand, they are indifferent.

French AI-generated translation, non-official

Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-13

Définissons la crainte comme une peine ou un trouble causé par la représentation d’un mal imminent, destructeur ou douloureux. En effet, les hommes ne craignent pas tous les maux, par exemple de devenir injustes ou lents d’esprit, mais seulement ceux qui entraînent une grande douleur ou la destruction, et seulement s’ils paraissent non pas éloignés, mais proches et menaçants. Car les hommes ne craignent pas ce qui est très lointain : tous savent qu’ils doivent mourir, mais comme la mort n’est pas proche, ils n’en ont cure.

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