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John Locke
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Section S8
Section 353 of 1,114
Canonical reference B2.C21.S8
English
Project Gutenberg transcription of Locke author text
All the actions that we have any idea of reducing themselves, as has been said, to these two, viz. thinking and motion; so far as a man has power to think or not to think, to move or not to move, according to the preference or direction of his own mind, so far is a man FREE. Wherever any performance or forbearance are not equally in a man’s power; wherever doing or not doing will not equally FOLLOW upon the preference of his mind directing it, there he is not free, though perhaps the action may be voluntary. So that the idea of LIBERTY is, the idea of a power in any agent to do or forbear any particular action, according to the determination or thought of the mind, whereby either of them is preferred to the other: where either of them is not in the power of the agent to be produced by him according to his volition, there he is not at liberty; that agent is under NECESSITY. So that liberty cannot be where there is no thought, no volition, no will; but there may be thought, there may be will, there may be volition, where there is no liberty. A little consideration of an obvious instance or two may make this clear.
French
Pierre Coste · Pierre Mortier, Amsterdam, 1735, third edition
Toutes les actions dont nous avons quelque idée, ſe réduiſent à ces deux, mouvoir, & penſer, comme nous l’avons déja remarqué. Tant qu’un Homme a la puiſſance de penſer ou de ne pas penſer, de mouvoir ou de ne pas mouvoir, conformément à la préference ou au choix de ſon propre Eſprit, juſque-là Libre. Au contraire, lorſqu’il n’eſt pas également au pouvoir de l’Homme d’agir ou de ne pas agir, tant que ces deux choſes ne dépendent pas également de la préférence de ſon Eſprit qui ordonne l’une ou l’autre, à cet égard l’Homme n’eſt point Libre, quoi que peut-être l’action qu’il fait, ſoit volontaire. Ainſi l’idée de la Liberté dans une certain Agent c’eſt l’idée de la Puiſſance qu’a cet Agent de faire ou de s’abſtenir de faire une certaine action, conformément à la détermination de ſon Eſprit en vertu de laquelle il préfere l’une à l’autre. Mais lorſque l’Agent n’a pas le pouvoir de faire l’une de ces deux choſes en conſéquence de la détermination actuelle de ſa Volonté, que je nomme autrement volition, il n’y a, dans ce cas-là, plus de Liberté ; & l’Agent eſt néceſſité à cet égard. D’où il s’enſuit que là où il n’y a ni penſée, ni volition, ni volonté, il ne peut y avoir de Liberté ; mais que la penſée, la volonté & la volition peuvent ſe trouver où il n’y a point de Liberté. Il ne faut que faire un peu de reflexion ſur un ou deux exemples familiers, pour être convaincu de tout cela d’une maniére évidente.
Concepts in this passage
Degrees of knowledge and probability
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Family
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Freedom
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Ideas from sensation and reflection
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Impressions and assent
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Knowledge
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Law
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Messiah
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Necessity
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Nominal and real essence
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Personal identity and consciousness
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Primary and secondary qualities
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Reason
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Simple and complex ideas
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Spirit
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Virtue
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