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John Locke
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Section S15
Section 447 of 1,114
Canonical reference B2.C23.S15
English
Project Gutenberg transcription of Locke author text
Besides the complex ideas we have of material sensible substances, of which I have last spoken, - by the simple ideas we have taken from those operations of our own minds, which we experiment daily in ourselves, as thinking, understanding, willing, knowing, and power of beginning motion, &c., co-existing in some substance, we are able to frame the COMPLEX IDEA OF AN IMMATERIAL SPIRIT. And thus, by putting together the ideas of thinking, perceiving, liberty, and power of moving themselves and other things, we have as clear a perception and notion of immaterial substances as we have of material. For putting together the ideas of thinking and willing, or the power of moving or quieting corporeal motion, joined to substance, of which we have no distinct idea, we have the idea of an immaterial spirit; and by putting together the ideas of coherent solid parts, and a power of being moved joined with substance, of which likewise we have no positive idea, we have the idea of matter. The one is as clear and distinct an idea as the other: the idea of thinking, and moving a body, being as clear and distinct ideas as the ideas of extension, solidity, and being moved. For our idea of substance is equally obscure, or none at all, in both: it is but a supposed I know not what, to support those ideas we call accidents. It is for want of reflection that we are apt to think that our senses show us nothing but material things. Every act of sensation, when duly considered, gives us an equal view of both parts of nature, the corporeal and spiritual. For whilst I know, by seeing or hearing, &c., that there is some corporeal being without me, the object of that sensation, I do more certainly know, that there is some spiritual being within me that sees and hears. This, I must be convinced, cannot be the action of bare insensible matter; nor ever could be, without an immaterial thinking being.
French
Pierre Coste · Pierre Mortier, Amsterdam, 1735, third edition
Outre les Idées complexes que nous avons des Subſtances materielles & ſenſibles dont je viens de parler, nous pouvons encore nous former l’idée complexe d’un Eſprit immateriel, par le moyen des Idées ſimples que nous avons déduites des operations de notre propre Eſprit, que nous ſentons tous les jours en nous-mêmes, comme penſer, entendre, vouloir, connoitre & pouvoir mettre des Corps en mouvement, &c. qualitez qui coëxiſtent dans une même Subſtance. De ſorte qu’en joignant enſemble les idées de penſée, de perception, de Liberté, & de puiſſance de mouvoir notre propre Corps & des Corps étrangers, nous avons une notion auſſi claire des Subſtances immaterielles que des materielles. Car en conſiderant les idées de Penſer, de Vouloir, ou de pouvoir exciter ou arrêter le mouvement des Corps comme inhérentes dans une certaine Subſtance dont nous n’avons aucune idée diſtincte, nous avons l’idée d’un Eſprit immateriel : & de même en joignant les idées de ſolidité, de coheſion de parties avec la puiſſance d’être mû, & ſuppoſant que ces choſes coëxiſtent dans une Subſtance dont nous n’avons non plus aucune idée claire & auſſi diſtincte que l’autre : car les Idées de penſer, & de mouvoir un Corps, peuvent être conçuës auſſi nettement & auſſi diſtinctement que celles d’étenduë, de ſolidité & de mobilité, & dans l’une & l’autre de ces choſes, l’idée de Subſtance eſt également obſcure, ou plûtôt n’eſt rien du tout à notre égard, puiſqu’elle n’eſt qu’un je ne ſai quoi, que nous ſuppoſons être le ſoûtien de ces Idées que nous nommons Accidens. C’eſt donc faute de reflexion que nous ſommes portez à croire, que nos Sens ne nous préſentent que des choſes materielles. Chaque acte de Senſation, à le conſiderer exactement, nous fait également enviſager des choſes corporelles, & des choſes ſpirituelles. Car dans le temps que voyant ou entendant, &c. je connois qu’il y a quelque Etre corporel hors de moi qui eſt l’objet de cette ſenſation, je ſai d’une maniére encore plus certaine qu’il y a au dedans de moi quelque Etre ſpirituel qui voit & qui entend. Je ne ſaurois, dis-je, éviter d’être convaincu en moi-même que cela n’eſt pas l’action d’une matiére purement inſenſible, & ne pourroit jamais ſe faire ſans un Etre penſant & immatériel.
Concepts in this passage
Anger
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Care of the soul
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Degrees of knowledge and probability
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Education
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Ether and field
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Family
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Freedom
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Ideas from sensation and reflection
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Impressions and assent
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Justice and care for the vulnerable
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Knowledge
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Law
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Mindfulness
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Nature
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Nominal and real essence
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Personal identity and consciousness
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Primary and secondary qualities
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Psychological complex
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Reason
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Simple and complex ideas
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Spirit
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Substance
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Time
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Tranquillity
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Wisdom
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