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John Locke
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Section S7
Section 810 of 1,114
Canonical reference B3.C11.S7
English
Project Gutenberg transcription of Locke author text
Whether a BAT be a BIRD or no, is not a question, Whether a bat be another thing than indeed it is, or have other qualities than indeed it has; for that would be extremely absurd to doubt of. But the question is, (i) Either between those that acknowledged themselves to have but imperfect ideas of one or both of this sort of things, for which these names are supposed to stand. And then it is a real inquiry concerning the NATURE of a bird or a bat, to make their yet imperfect ideas of it more complete; by examining whether all the simple ideas to which, combined together, they both give name bird, be all to be found in a bat: but this is a question only of inquirers (not disputers) who neither affirm nor deny, but examine: Or, (2) It is a question between disputants; whereof the one affirms, and the other denies that a bat is a bird. And then the question is barely about the signification of one or both these WORDS; in that they not having both the same complex ideas to which they give these two names, one holds and the other denies, that these two names may be affirmed one of another. Were they agreed in the signification of these two names, it were impossible they should dispute about them. For they would presently and clearly see (were that adjusted between them,) whether all the simple ideas of the more general name bird were found in the complex idea of a bat or no; and so there could be no doubt whether a bat were a bird or no. And here I desire it may be considered, and carefully examined, whether the greatest part of the disputes in the world are not merely verbal, and about the signification of words; and whether, if the terms they are made in were defined, and reduced in their signification (as they must be where they signify anything) to determined collections of the simple ideas they do or should stand for, those disputes would not end of themselves, and immediately vanish. I leave it then to be considered, what the learning of disputation is, and how well they are employed for the advantage of themselves or others, whose business is only the vain ostentation of sounds; i. e. those who spend their lives in disputes and controversies. When I shall see any of those combatants strip all his terms of ambiguity and obscurity, (which every one may do in the words he uses himself,) I shall think him a champion for knowledge, truth, and peace, and not the slave of vain-glory, ambition, or a party.
French
Pierre Coste · Pierre Mortier, Amsterdam, 1735, third edition
Lorſqu’on demande ſi une Chauve-ſouris eſt un Oiſeau ou non, la queſtion n’eſt pas ſi une Chauve-ſouris eſt autre choſe que ce qu’elle eſt effectivement, ou ſi elle a d’autres qualitez qu’elle n’a véritablement, car il ſeroit de la derniére abſurdité d’avoir aucun doute là-deſſus. Mais la Queſtion eſt, 1. ou entre ceux qui reconnoiſſent n’avoir que des idées imparfaites de l’une des Eſpèces ou de toutes les deux Eſpèces de choſes qu’on ſuppoſe que ces noms ſignifient ; & en ce cas-là, c’eſt une recherche réelle ſur la nature d’un Oiſeau ou d’une Chauve-ſouris, par où ils tâchent de rendre les idées qu’ils en ont, plus completes, tout imparfaites qu’elles ſont, & cela en examinant, ſi toutes les idées ſimples qui combinées enſemble ſont déſignées par le nom d’oiſeau, ſe peuvent toutes rencontrer dans une Chauve-ſouris : ce qui n’eſt point une Queſtion de gens qui diſputent, mais de perſonnes qui examinent ſans affirmer ou nier quoi que ce ſoit. Ou bien, en ſecond lieu, cette Queſtion ſe paſſe entre des gens qui diſputent, dont l’un affirme & l’autre nie qu’une Chauve-ſouris ſoit un Oiſeau : mais alors la queſtion roule ſimplement ſur la ſignification d’un de ces mots ou de tous les deux enſemble, parce que n’ayant pas de part & d’autre les mêmes idées complexes qu’ils déſignent par ces deux noms, l’un ſoûtient que ces deux noms peuvent être affirmez l’un de l’autre ; & l’autre le nie. S’ils étoient d’accord ſur la ſignification de ces deux noms, il ſeroit impoſſible qu’ils y puſſent trouver un ſujet de diſpute, car cela étant une fois arrêté entr’eux, ils verroient d’abord & avec la derniére évidence, ſi toutes les idées du nom le plus général qui eſt Oiſeau, ſe trouveroient dans l’idée complexe d’une Chauve-ſouris ou non, & par ce moyen on ne ſauroit douter ſi une Chauve-ſouris ſeroit un Oiſeau ou non. A propos de quoi je voudrois bien qu’on conſiderât, & qu’on examinât ſoigneuſement ſi la plus grande partie des Diſputes qu’il y a dans le monde ne ſont pas purement verbales, & ne roulent point uniquement ſur la ſignification des Mots, & s’il n’eſt pas vrai que, ſi l’on venoit à définir les termes dont on ſe ſert pour les exprimer, & qu’on les reduiſît aux collections déterminées des idées ſimples qu’ils ſignifient, (ce qu’on peut faire, lorſqu’ils ſignifient effectivement quelque choſe) ces Diſputes finiroient d’elles-mêmes & s’évanouïroient auſſi-tôt. Qu’on voye après cela, ce que c’eſt que l’Art de diſputer, & combien l’occupation de ceux dont l’étude ne conſiſte que dans une vaine oſtentation de ſons, c’eſt-à-dire, qui employent toute leur vie à des Diſputes & des Contreverſes, contribuë à leur avantage, ou à celui des autres hommes. Du reſte, quand je remarquerai que quelqu’un de des Diſputeurs écarte de tous ces termes l’équivoque & l’obſcurité, (ce que chacun peut faire à l’égard des Mots dont il ſe ſert lui-même) je croirai qu’il combat véritablement pour la Vérité & pour la Paix, & qu’il n’eſt point eſclave de la Vanité, de l’Ambition, ou de l’Amour de Parti.
Concepts in this passage
Anger
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Care of the soul
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Degrees of knowledge and probability
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Desire
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Education
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Ether and field
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Faith
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Family
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Ideas from sensation and reflection
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Impressions and assent
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Justice
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Knowledge
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Law
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Love
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Messiah
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Nature
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Nominal and real essence
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Peace
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Personal identity and consciousness
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Primary and secondary qualities
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Psychological complex
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Reason
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Simple and complex ideas
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Sin
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Slavery
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Suffering
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Truth
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