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John Locke
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Section S28
Section 715 of 1,114
Canonical reference B3.C6.S28
English
Project Gutenberg transcription of Locke author text
But though these nominal essences of substances are made by the mind, they are not yet made so arbitrarily as those of mixed modes. To the making of any nominal essence, it is necessary, First, that the ideas whereof it consists have such a union as to make but one idea, how compounded soever. Secondly, that the particular ideas so united be exactly the same, neither more nor less. For if two abstract complex ideas differ either in number or sorts of their component parts, they make two different, and not one and the same essence. In the first of these, the mind, in making its complex ideas of substances, only follows nature; and puts none together which are not supposed to have a union in nature. Nobody joins the voice of a sheep with the shape of a horse; nor the colour of lead with the weight and fixedness of gold, to be the complex ideas of any real substances; unless he has a mind to fill his head with chimeras, and his discourse with unintelligible words. Men observing certain qualities always joined and existing together, therein copied nature; and of ideas so united made their complex ones of substances. For, though men may make what complex ideas they please, and give what names to them they will; yet, if they will be understood WHEN THEY SPEAK OF THINGS REALLY EXISTING, they must in some degree conform their ideas to the things they would speak of; or else men's language will be like that of Babel; and every man's words, being intelligible only to himself, would no longer serve to conversation and the ordinary affairs of life, if the ideas they stand for be not some way answering the common appearances and agreement of substances as they really exist.
French
Pierre Coste · Pierre Mortier, Amsterdam, 1735, third edition
Mais quoi que ces Eſſences nominales des Subſtances ſoient formées par l’Eſprit, elles ne ſont pourtant pas formées ſi arbitrairement que celles des Modes mixtes. Pour faire une eſſence nominale il faut prémiérement que les Idées dont elle eſt compoſée, ayent une telle union qu’elles ne forment qu’une idée, quelque complexe qu’elle ſoit ; & en ſecond lieu, que les Idées particulières ainſi unies, ſoient exactement les mêmes, ſans qu’il y en ait ni plus ni moins. Pour la prémiére de ces choſes, lorſque l’Eſprit forme ſes idées complexes des Subſtances, il ſuit uniquement la Nature, & ne joint enſemble aucunes idées qu’il ne ſuppoſe unies dans la Nature. Perſonne n’allie le bêlement d’une Brebis à une figure d’un Cheval, ni la couleur du Plomb à la peſanteur & à la fixité de l’Or pour en faire des idées complexes de quelques Subſtances réelles, à moins qu’il ne veuille ſe remplir la tête de chimeres, & embarraſſer ſes diſcours de mots inintelligibles. Mais les hommes obſervant certaines qualitez qui toûjours exiſtent & ſont unies enſemble, en ont tiré des copies d’après Nature ; & de ces Idées ainſi unies en ont formé leurs Idées complexes des Subſtances. Car encore que les hommes puiſſent faire telle Idées complexe qu’ils veulent & leur donner tels noms qu’ils jugent à propos, il faut pourtant que lorſqu’ils parlent de choſes réellement exiſtantes ils conforment juſqu’à un certain degré leurs idées aux choſes dont ils veulent parler, s’ils ſouhaitent d’être entendus. Autrement, le Langage des hommes ſeroit tout-à-fait ſemblable à celui de Babel, & les mots dont chaque particulier ſe ſerviroit, n’étant intelligibles qu’à lui-même, ils ne ſeroient plus d’aucun uſage, pour la converſation & pour les affaires ordinaires de la vie, ſi les idées qu’ils déſignent, ne répondoient en quelque maniére aux communes apparences & conformitez des Subſtances, conſiderées comme réellement exiſtantes.
Concepts in this passage
Aporia
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Care of the soul
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Degrees of knowledge and probability
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Ether and field
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Family
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Ideas from sensation and reflection
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Impressions and assent
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Knowledge
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Law
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Messiah
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Mindfulness
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Mode
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Nature
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Necessity
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Nominal and real essence
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Personal identity and consciousness
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Political union
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Primary and secondary qualities
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Psychological complex
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Reason
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Service
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Simple and complex ideas
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Spirit
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Substance
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Wisdom
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