Potentially copyrighted passage
By consulting this text, you confirm that you may use it for personal and educational purposes. Do not reproduce its content. If the book helps you, buy it to support the author or rights holders.
John Locke
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Section S3
Section 1,002 of 1,114
Canonical reference B4.C12.S3
English
Project Gutenberg transcription of Locke author text
But if any one will consider, he will (I guess) find, that the great advancement and certainty of real knowledge which men arrived to in these sciences, was not owing to the influence of these principles, nor derived from any peculiar advantage they received from two or three general maxims, laid down in the beginning; but from the clear, distinct, complete ideas their thoughts were employed about, and the relation of equality and excess so clear between some of them, that they had an intuitive knowledge, and by THAT a way to discover it in others; and this without the help of those maxims. For I ask, Is it not possible for a young lad to know that his whole body is bigger than his little finger, but by virtue of this axiom, that THE WHOLE IS BIGGER THAN A PART; nor be assured of it, till he has learned that maxim? Or cannot a country wench know that, having received a shilling from one that owes her three, and a shilling also from another that owes her three, the remaining debts in each of their hands are equal? Cannot she know this, I say, unless she fetch the certainty of it from this maxim, that IF YOU TAKE EQUALS FROM EQUALS, THE REMAINDER WILL BE EQUALS, a maxim which possibly she never heard or thought of? I desire any one to consider, from what has been elsewhere said, which is known first and clearest by most people, the particular instance, or the general rule; and which it is that gives life and birth to the other. These general rules are but the comparing our more general and abstract ideas, which are the workmanship of the mind, made, and names given to them for the easier dispatch in its reasonings, and drawing into comprehensive terms and short rules its various and multiplied observations. But knowledge began in the mind, and was founded on particulars; though afterwards, perhaps, no notice was taken thereof: it being natural for the mind (forward still to enlarge its knowledge) most attentively to lay up those general notions, and make the proper use of them, which is to disburden the memory of the cumbersome load of particulars. For I desire it may be considered, what more certainty there is to a child, or any one, that his body, little finger, and all, is bigger than his little finger alone, after you have given to his body the name WHOLE, and to his little finger the name PART, than he could have had before; or what new knowledge concerning his body can these two relative terms give him, which he could not have without them? Could he not know that his body was bigger than his little finger, if his language were yet so imperfect that he had no such relative terms as whole and part? I ask, further, when he has got these names, how is he more certain that his body is a whole, and his little finger a part, than he was or might be certain before he learnt those terms, that his body was bigger than his little finger? Any one may as reasonably doubt or deny that his little finger is a part of his body, as that it is less than his body. And he that can doubt whether it be less, will as certainly doubt whether it be a part. So that the maxim, the whole is bigger than a part, can never be made use of to prove the little finger less than the body, but when it is useless, by being brought to convince one of a truth which he knows already. For he that does not certainly know that any parcel of matter, with another parcel of matter joined to it, is bigger than either of them alone, will never be able to know it by the help of these two relative terms, whole and part, make of them what maxim you please.
French
Pierre Coste · Pierre Mortier, Amsterdam, 1735, third edition
Mais je crois que quiconque conſidérera la choſe avec ſoin, avoûera que les grands progrès & la certitude de la Connoiſſance réelle où les hommes parviennent dans les Mathematiques, ne doivent point être attribuez à l’influence de ces Principes, & ne procedent point de quelque avantage particulier que produiſent deux ou trois Maximes générales qu’ils ont poſé au commencement, mais des idées claires, diſtinctes, & complettes qu’ils ont dans l’Eſprit, & du rapport d’égalité & d’inégalité qui eſt ſi évident entre quelques-unes de ces Idées, qu’ils le connoiſſent intuïtivement, par où ils ont un moyen de découvrir dans d’autres idées, & cela ſans le ſecours de ces Maximes. Car je vous prie, un jeune Garçon ne peut-il connoître qu’ayant reçu un ſou d’une perſonne qui lui en doit trois, & encore un ſou d’une autre perſonne qui lui doit auſſi trois ſous, le reſte de ces deux dettes eſt égal, ne peut-elle point, dis-je, connoître cela ſans en déduire la certitude de cette Maxime, que ſi de choſes égales vous en ôtez des choſes égales, ce qui reſte, eſt égal ; maxime dont elle n’a peut-être jamais ouï parler, ou qui ne s’eſt jamais préſentée à ſon Eſprit ? Je prie mon Lecteur de conſiderer ſur ce qui a été dit ailleurs, lequel des deux eſt connu le prémier & le plus clairement par la plûpart des hommes, un exemple particulier ou une Règle générale, & laquelle de ces deux choſes donne naiſſance à l’autre. Les Règles générales ne ſont autre choſe qu’une comparaiſon de nos Idées les plus générales & les plus abſtraites qui ſont un Ouvrage de l’Eſprit qui les forme & leur donne des noms pour avancer plus aiſément dans ſes Raiſonnemens, & renfermer toutes ſes différentes obſervations dans des termes d’une étenduë générale, & les réduire à de courtes Règles. Mais la Connoiſſance a commencé par des idées particuliéres ; c’eſt, dis-je, ſur ces idées qu’elle s’eſt établie dans l’Eſprit, quoi que dans la ſuite on n’y faſſe peut-être aucune reflexion ; car il eſt naturel à l’Eſprit, toûjours empreſſé à étendre ſes connoiſſances, d’aſſembler avec ſoin ces notions générales, & d’en faire un juſte uſage, qui eſt de décharger, par leur moyen, la Mémoire d’un tas embarraſſant d’idées particuliéres. En effet, qu’on prenne la peine de conſiderer comment Enfant ou quelque autre perſonne que ce ſoit, après avoir donné à ſon Corps le nom de Tout & à ſon petit doigt celui de partie, a une plus grande certitude que ſon Corps & ſon petit doigt, tout enſemble, ſont plus gros que ſon petit doigt tout ſeul, qu’il ne pouvoit avoir auparavant, ou quelle nouvelle connoiſſance peuvent lui donner ſur le ſujet de ſon Corps ces deux termes relatifs, qu’il ne puiſſe point avoir ſans eux ? Ne pourroit-il pas connoître que ſon Corps eſt plus gros que ſon petit doigt, ſi ſon Langage étoit ſi imparfait, qu’il n’eût point de termes relatifs tels que ceux de Tout & de partie ? Je demande encore, comment eſt-il plus certain, après avoir appris ces mots, que ſon Corps eſt un Tout & ſon petit doigt une partie, qu’il n’étoit ou ne pouvoit être certain que ſon Corps étoit plus gros que ſon petit doigt, avant que d’avoir appris ces termes ? Une perſonne peut avec autant de raiſon douter ou nier que ſon petit doigt ſoit une partie de ſon Corps, ſinon en le propoſant ſans néceſſité pour convaincre quelqu’un d’une vérité qu’il connoit déja. Car quiconque ne connoit pas certainement qu’une particule de Matiére avec une autre particule de Matiére qui lui eſt jointe, eſt plus groſſe qu’aucune des deux toute ſeule, ne ſera jamais capable de le connoître par le ſecours de ces deux termes relatifs Tout & partie, dont on compoſera telle Maxime qu’on voudra.
Concepts in this passage
Aporia
View detailed page
Filter the library
Care of the soul
View detailed page
Filter the library
Degrees of knowledge and probability
View detailed page
Filter the library
Desire
View detailed page
Filter the library
Ether and field
View detailed page
Filter the library
Family
View detailed page
Filter the library
Ideas from sensation and reflection
View detailed page
Filter the library
Impressions and assent
View detailed page
Filter the library
Justice
View detailed page
Filter the library
Cognitive impression
View detailed page
Filter the library
Knowledge
View detailed page
Filter the library
Law
View detailed page
Filter the library
Memory
View detailed page
Filter the library
Messiah
View detailed page
Filter the library
Nature
View detailed page
Filter the library
Necessity
View detailed page
Filter the library
Nominal and real essence
View detailed page
Filter the library
Personal identity and consciousness
View detailed page
Filter the library
Political equality
View detailed page
Filter the library
Primary and secondary qualities
View detailed page
Filter the library
Reason
View detailed page
Filter the library
Roles and relationships
View detailed page
Filter the library
Simple and complex ideas
View detailed page
Filter the library
Sin
View detailed page
Filter the library
Spirit
View detailed page
Filter the library
Truth
View detailed page
Filter the library
Virtue
View detailed page
Filter the library
War and peace
View detailed page
Filter the library
Wisdom
View detailed page
Filter the library