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John Locke
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Section S2
Section 1,094 of 1,114
Canonical reference B4.C20.S2
English
Project Gutenberg transcription of Locke author text
FIRST, By WANT OF PROOFS, I do not mean only the want of those proofs which are nowhere extant, and so are nowhere to be had; but the want even of those proofs which are in being, or might be procured. And thus men want proofs, who have not the convenience or opportunity to make experiments and observations themselves, tending to the proof of any proposition; nor likewise the convenience to inquire into and collect the testimonies of others: and in this state are the greatest part of mankind, who are given up to labour, and enslaved to the necessity of their mean condition, whose lives are worn out only in the provisions for living. These men's opportunities of knowledge and inquiry are commonly as narrow as their fortunes; and their understandings are but little instructed, when all their whole time and pains is laid out to still the croaking of their own bellies, or the cries of their children. It is not to be expected that a man who drudges on all his life in a laborious trade, should be more knowing in the variety of things done in the world than a packhorse, who is driven constantly forwards and backwards in a narrow lane and dirty road, only to market, should be skilled in the geography of the country. Nor is it at all more possible, that he who wants leisure, books, and languages, and the opportunity of conversing with variety of men, should be in a condition to collect those testimonies and observations which are in being, and are necessary to make out many, nay most, of the propositions that, in the societies of men, are judged of the greatest moment; or to find out grounds of assurance so great as the belief of the points he would build on them is thought necessary. So that a great part of mankind are, by the natural and unalterable state of things in this world, and the constitution of human affairs, unavoidably given over to invincible ignorance of those proofs on which others build, and which are necessary to establish those opinions: the greatest part of men, having much to do to get the means of living, are not in a condition to look after those of learned and laborious inquiries.
French
Pierre Coste · Pierre Mortier, Amsterdam, 1735, third edition
Prémiérement par le manque de preuves je n’entens pas ſeulement le défaut des preuves qui ne ſont nulle part, & que par conſéquent on ne ſauroit trouver, mais le défaut même des preuves qui exiſtent, ou qu’on peut découvrir. Ainſi, un homme manque de preuves lorſqu’il n’a pas la commodité ou l’opportunité de faire les expériences & les obſervations qui ſervent à prouver une Propoſition, ou qu’il n’a pas la commodité de ramaſſer les témoignages des autres hommes & d’y faire les reflexions qu’il faut. Et tel eſt l’état de la plus grande partie des hommes qui ſe trouvent engagez au travail, & aſſervis à la néceſſité d’une baſſe condition, & dont toute la vie ſe paſſe uniquement à chercher dequoi ſubſiſter. La commodité que ces ſortes de gens peuvent avoir d’acquérir des connoiſſances & de faire des recherches, eſt ordinairement reſſerrée dans des bornes auſſi étroites que leur fortune. Comme ils employent tout leur temps & tous leurs ſoins à appaiſer leur faim ou celle de leurs Enfans, leur Entendement ne ſe remplit pas de beaucoup d’inſtruction. Un homme qui conſume toute ſa vie dans un Métier pénible, ne peut non plus s’inſtruire de cette diverſité de choſes qui ſe font dans le Monde, qu’un Cheval de ſomme qui ne va jamais qu’au Marché par un chemin étroit & bourbeux peut devenir habile dans la Carte du Païs. Il n’eſt pas, dis-je, plus poſſible qu’un homme qui ignore les Langues, qui n’a ni le loiſir, ni Livres, ni la commodité de converſer avec différentes perſonnes, ſoit en état de ramaſſer les témoignages & les obſervations qui exiſtent actuellement & qui ſont néceſſaires pour prouver pluſieurs Propoſitions ou plûtôt la plûpart des Propoſitions qui paſſent pour les plus importantes dans les différentes Sociétez des hommes, ou pour découvrir des fondemens d’aſſûrance auſſi ſolides, que la croyance des articles qu’il voudroit bâtir deſſus eſt jugée néceſſaire. De ſorte que dans l’état naturel & inalterable où ſe trouvent les choſes dans ce Monde, & ſelon la conſtitution des affaires humaines, une grande partie du Genre Humain eſt inévitablement engagée dans une ignorance invincible des preuves ſur lesquelles d’autres fondent ces Opinions & qui ſont effectivement néceſſaires pour les établir. La plûpart des hommes, dis-je, ayant aſſez à faire à trouver les moyens de ſoûtenir leur vie, ne ſont pas en état de s’appliquer à ces ſavantes & laborieuſes recherches.
Concepts in this passage
Constitutional government
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Degrees of knowledge and probability
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Family
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Fortune
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Human wisdom
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Ideas from sensation and reflection
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Impressions and assent
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Judgment
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Knowledge
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Law
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Messiah
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Nature
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Necessity
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Nominal and real essence
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Personal identity and consciousness
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Primary and secondary qualities
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Reason
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Service
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Simple and complex ideas
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Sin
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Slavery
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Time
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War and peace
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