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Plato
Letters Attributed to Plato Passage 354
Passage 46 of 55
Canonical reference 354
Ancient Greek
perseus-plato-epistles-grc
εἰ μὲν δή τις ὀρθότερον ἄμεινόν τʼ ἔχει τοῦ ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ ῥηθησομένου, ἐνεγκὼν εἰς τὸ μέσον ὀρθότατα φιλέλλην ἂν λεχθείη· ὃ δέ μοι φαίνεταί πῃ τὰ νῦν, ἐγὼ πειράσομαι πάσῃ παρρησίᾳ καὶ κοινῷ τινι δικαίῳ λόγῳ χρώμενος δηλοῦν. λέγω γὰρ δὴ διαιτητοῦ τινα τρόπον διαλεγόμενος ὡς δυοῖν, τυραννεύσαντί τε καὶ τυραννευθέντι, ὡς ἑνὶ ἑκατέρῳ παλαιὰν ἐμὴν συμβουλήν· καὶ νῦν δὲ ὅ γʼ ἐμὸς λόγος ἂν εἴη σύμβουλος τυράννῳ παντὶ φεύγειν μὲν τοὔνομά τε καὶ τοὖργον τοῦτο, εἰς βασιλείαν δέ, εἰ δυνατὸν εἴη, μεταβαλεῖν. δυνατὸν δέ, ὡς ἔδειξεν ἔργῳ σοφὸς ἀνὴρ καὶ ἀγαθὸς Λυκοῦργος, ὃς ἰδὼν τὸ τῶν οἰκείων γένος ἐν Ἄργει καὶ Μεσσήνῃ ἐκ βασιλέων εἰς τυράννων δύναμιν ἀφικομένους καὶ διαφθείραντας ἑαυτούς τε καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἑκατέρους ἑκατέραν, δείσας περὶ τῆς αὑτοῦ πόλεως ἅμα καὶ γένους, φάρμακον ἐπήνεγκεν τὴν τῶν γερόντων ἀρχὴν καὶ τὸν τῶν ἐφόρων δεσμὸν τῆς βασιλικῆς ἀρχῆς σωτήριον, ὥστε γενεὰς τοσαύτας ἤδη μετʼ εὐκλείας σῴζεσθαι, νόμος ἐπειδὴ κύριος ἐγένετο βασιλεὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἄνθρωποι τύραννοι νόμων. ὃ δὴ καὶ νῦν οὑμὸς λόγος πᾶσιν παρακελεύεται, τοῖς μὲν τυραννίδος ἐφιεμένοις ἀποτρέπεσθαι καὶ φεύγειν φυγῇ ἀπλήστως πεινώντων εὐδαιμόνισμα ἀνθρώπων καὶ ἀνοήτων, εἰς βασιλέως δʼ εἶδος πειρᾶσθαι μεταβάλλειν καὶ δουλεῦσαι νόμοις βασιλικοῖς, τὰς μεγίστας τιμὰς κεκτημένους παρʼ ἑκόντων τε ἀνθρώπων καὶ τῶν νόμων· τοῖς δὲ δὴ ἐλεύθερα διώκουσιν ἤθη καὶ φεύγουσιν τὸν δούλειον ζυγὸν ὡς ὂν κακόν, εὐλαβεῖσθαι συμβουλεύοιμʼ ἂν μή ποτε ἀπληστίᾳ ἐλευθερίας ἀκαίρου τινὸς εἰς τὸ τῶν προγόνων νόσημα ἐμπέσωσιν, ὃ διὰ τὴν ἄγαν ἀναρχίαν οἱ τότε ἔπαθον, ἀμέτρῳ ἐλευθερίας χρώμενοι ἔρωτι. οἱ γὰρ πρὸ Διονυσίου καὶ Ἱππαρίνου ἀρξάντων Σικελιῶται τότε ὡς ᾤοντο εὐδαιμόνως ἔζων, τρυφῶντές τε καὶ ἅμα ἀρχόντων ἄρχοντες· οἳ καὶ τοὺς δέκα στρατηγοὺς κατέλευσαν βάλλοντες τοὺς πρὸ Διονυσίου, κατὰ νόμον οὐδένα κρίναντες, ἵνα δὴ δουλεύοιεν μηδενὶ μήτε σὺν δίκῃ μήτε νόμῳ δεσπότῃ, ἐλεύθεροι δʼ εἶεν πάντῃ πάντως· ὅθεν αἱ τυραννίδες ἐγένοντο αὐτοῖς.
English
Benjamin Jowett · perseus-plato-epistles-en
If, therefore, any man knows of a remedy that is truer and better than that which I am now about to propose, and puts it openly before us, he shall have the best right to the title Friend of Greece . The remedy, however, which commends itself to me I shall now endeavor to explain, using the utmost freedom of speech and a tone of impartial justice. For indeed I am speaking somewhat like an arbitrator, and addressing to the two parties, the former despot and his subjects, as though each were a single person, the counsel I gave of old. And now also my word of advice to every despot would be that he should shun the despot’s title and his task, and change his despotism for kingship. That this is possible has been actually proved by that wise and good man Lycurgus ; for when he saw that the family of his kinsmen in Argos and in Messene had in both cases destroyed both themselves and their city by advancing from kingship to despotic power, he was alarmed about his own city as well as his own family, and as a remedy he introduced the authority of the Elders and of the Ephors to serve as a bond of safety for the kingly power ; and because of this they have already been kept safe and glorious all these generations since Law became with them supreme king over men instead of men being despots over the laws. And now also I urgently admonish you all to do the same. Those of you who are rushing after despotic power I exhort to change their course and to flee betimes from what is counted as bliss by men of insatiable cravings and empty heads, and to try to transform themselves into the semblance of a king, and to become subject to kingly laws, owing their possession of the highest honors to the voluntary goodwill of the citizens and to the laws. And I should counsel those who follow after the ways of freedom, and shun as a really evil thing the yoke of bondage, to beware lest by their insatiable craving for an immoderate freedom they should ever fall sick of their forefathers’ disease, which the men of that time suffered because of their excessive anarchy, through indulging an unmeasured love of freedom. For the Siceliots of the age before Dionysius and Hipparinus began to rule were living blissfully, as they supposed, being in luxury and ruling also over their rulers; and they even stoned to death the ten generals who preceded Dionysius, without any legal trial, to show that they were no slaves of any rightful master, nor of any law, but were in all ways altogether free. Hence it was that the rule of the despots befell them.
French
Victor Cousin · wikisource-cousin-epistles-fr-01
[354a] d’ami de la Grèce. Pour moi, je tâcherai de vous faire part de mon opinion en toute liberté, et devons tenir le langage de la justice et de la raison. Je parlerai comme un arbitre aux deux parties, à ceux qui veulent la tyrannie et à ceux qui la souffrent ; et je leur répéterai un conseil que je leur donne depuis longtemps. D’abord, je conseille aux tyrans de renoncer à un nom et à un pouvoir odieux, et de changer, s’il est possible, [354b] leur gouvernement en monarchie. Le sage et vertueux Lycurgue a prouvé par son exemple que ce changement est possible. Quand il vit que ses propres parents, en substituant dans Argos et Messène la tyrannie à la monarchie, avaient précipité dans le même abîme leur trône et leur pairie, il craignit le même malheur pour sa patrie et pour sa race. Il y remédia, par la création du sénat et de la magistrature des éphores, sauvegarde de la monarchie. Aussi admire-t-on depuis tant de siècles la force et l’éclat de ce gouvernement où la loi [354c] est la reine des hommes, et non les hommes les tyrans de la loi. Voici donc ce que je conseille à tous les hommes ; je conseille à ceux qui aspirent à la tyrannie de chasser loin d’eux et de fuir d’une fuite assidue cette fausse image du bonheur des hommes avides et insensés, d’adopter le gouvernement monarchique et de se soumettre à ses principes, sûrs d’obtenir en retour les plus grands honneurs de la libéralité des hommes et des lois. [354d] Je dis aussi aux amis de la liberté, qui fuient le joug de la servitude comme un fléau : Prenez garde que la passion immodérée d’une liberté sans frein ne vous fasse tomber dans la maladie de vos ancêtres, suite funeste de l’anarchie où les avait réduits leur insatiable amour de la liberté. Avant le règne de Denys et d’Hipparinos, les Siciliens se croyaient au comble du bonheur parce qu’ils vivaient dans la débauche et commandaient à leurs maîtres. C’est à cette époque qu’ils déposèrent et chassèrent les dix généraux [354e] qui précédèrent Denys, sans en juger un seul, parce qu’ils ne voulaient obéir ni à un homme, ni à un jugement, ni à une loi, mais jouir d’une liberté absolue ; c’est de là que leur vinrent les tyrannies. Dans la soumission comme dans la liberté, l’excès est le plus grand des maux, et la juste mesure le plus grand bien. La soumission est juste quand elle s’adresse à Dieu, excessive quand elle s’adresse aux hommes. Pour les sages, Dieu c’est la loi,
Concepts in this passage
Anger
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Care of the soul
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Craving
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Creation
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Death
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Dialectic
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Education
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Ether and field
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Family
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Force
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Intelligible forms
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Freedom
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Friendship
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God
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Judgment
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Justice
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Law
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Logos of nature
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Love
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Mindfulness
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Mode
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Philosophical eros
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Reason
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Roles and relationships
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Service
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Sin
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Slavery
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Suffering
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Time
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Virtue
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War and peace
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Wisdom
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