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Plato
Laches Passage 196
Passage 19 of 24
Canonical reference 196
Ancient Greek
perseus-plato-laches-grc
ΝΙ. ὧι ἐγὼ λέγω πολὺ μᾶλλον, ὦ βέλτιστε· ἐπεὶ μάντιν γε τὰ σημεῖα μόνον δεῖ γιγνώσκειν τῶν ἐσομένων, εἴτε τῳ θάνατος εἴτε νόσος εἴτε ἀποβολὴ χρημάτων ἔσται, εἴτε νίκη εἴτε ἧττα ἢ πολέμου ἢ καὶ ἄλλης τινὸς ἀγωνίας· ὅτι δέ τῳ ἄμεινον τούτων ἢ παθεῖν ἢ μὴ παθεῖν, τί μᾶλλον μάντει προσήκει κρῖναι ἢ ἄλλῳ ὁτῳοῦν; ΛΑ. ἀλλʼ ἐγὼ τούτου οὐ μανθάνω, ὦ Σώκρατες, ὅτι βούλεται λέγειν· οὔτε γὰρ μάντιν οὔτε ἰατρὸν οὔτε ἄλλον οὐδένα δηλοῖ ὅντινα λέγει τὸν ἀνδρεῖον, εἰ μὴ εἰ θεόν τινα λέγει αὐτὸν εἶναι. ἐμοὶ μὲν οὖν φαίνεται Νικίας οὐκ ἐθέλειν γενναίως ὁμολογεῖν ὅτι οὐδὲν λέγει, ἀλλὰ στρέφεται ἄνω καὶ κάτω ἐπικρυπτόμενος τὴν αὑτοῦ ἀπορίαν· καίτοι κἂν ἡμεῖς οἷοί τε ἦμεν ἄρτι ἐγώ τε καὶ σὺ τοιαῦτα στρέφεσθαι, εἰ ἐβουλόμεθα μὴ δοκεῖν ἐναντία ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς λέγειν. εἰ μὲν οὖν ἐν δικαστηρίῳ ἡμῖν οἱ λόγοι ἦσαν, εἶχεν ἄν τινα λόγον ταῦτα ποιεῖν· νῦν δὲ τί ἄν τις ἐν συνουσίᾳ τοιᾷδε μάτην κενοῖς λόγοις αὐτὸς αὑτὸν κοσμοῖ; ΣΩ. οὐδὲν οὐδʼ ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ, ὦ Λάχης· ἀλλʼ ὁρῶμεν μὴ Νικίας οἴεταί τι λέγειν καὶ οὐ λόγου ἕνεκα ταῦτα λέγει. αὐτοῦ οὖν σαφέστερον πυθώμεθα τί ποτε νοεῖ· καὶ ἐάν τι φαίνηται λέγων, συγχωρησόμεθα, εἰ δὲ μή, διδάξομεν. ΛΑ. σὺ τοίνυν, ὦ Σώκρατες, εἰ βούλει πυνθάνεσθαι, πυνθάνου· ἐγὼ δʼ ἴσως ἱκανῶς πέπυσμαι. ΣΩ. ἀλλʼ οὐδέν με κωλύει· κοινὴ γὰρ ἔσται ἡ πύστις ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ τε καὶ σοῦ. ΛΑ. πάνυ μὲν οὖν. ΣΩ. λέγε δή μοι, ὦ Νικία - μᾶλλον δʼ ἡμῖν· κοινούμεθα γὰρ ἐγώ τε καὶ Λάχης τὸν λόγον - τὴν ἀνδρείαν ἐπιστήμην φῂς δεινῶν τε καὶ θαρραλέων εἶναι; ΝΙ. ἔγωγε. ΣΩ. τοῦτο δὲ οὐ παντὸς δὴ εἶναι ἀνδρὸς γνῶναι, ὁπότε γε μήτε ἰατρὸς μήτε μάντις αὐτὸ γνώσεται μηδὲ ἀνδρεῖος ἔσται, ἐὰν μὴ αὐτὴν ταύτην τὴν ἐπιστήμην προσλάβῃ· οὐχ οὕτως ἔλεγες; ΝΙ. οὕτω μὲν οὖν. ΣΩ. κατὰ τὴν παροιμίαν ἄρα τῷ ὄντι οὐκ ἂν πᾶσα ὗς γνοίη οὐδʼ ἂν ἀνδρεία γένοιτο. ΝΙ. οὔ μοι δοκεῖ. ΣΩ. δῆλον δή, ὦ Νικία, ὅτι οὐδὲ τὴν Κρομμυωνίαν ὗν πιστεύεις σύ γε ἀνδρείαν γεγονέναι. τοῦτο δὲ λέγω οὐ παίζων, ἀλλʼ ἀναγκαῖον οἶμαι τῷ ταῦτα λέγοντι μηδενὸς θηρίου ἀποδέχεσθαι ἀνδρείαν, ἢ συγχωρεῖν θηρίον τι οὕτω σοφὸν εἶναι, ὥστε ἃ ὀλίγοι ἀνθρώπων ἴσασι διὰ τὸ χαλεπὰ εἶναι γνῶναι, ταῦτα λέοντα ἢ πάρδαλιν ἤ τινα κάπρον φάναι εἰδέναι· ἀλλʼ ἀνάγκη ὁμοίως λέοντα καὶ ἔλαφον καὶ ταῦρον καὶ πίθηκον πρὸς ἀνδρείαν φάναι πεφυκέναι τὸν τιθέμενον ἀνδρείαν τοῦθʼ ὅπερ σὺ τίθεσαι.
English
Benjamin Jowett · perseus-plato-laches-en
Nic. Much rather the man of whom I speak, my dear sir: for the seer’s business is to judge only the signs of what is yet to come - whether a man is to meet with death or disease or loss of property, or victory or defeat in war or some other contest; but what is better among these things for a man to suffer or avoid suffering, can surely be no more for a seer to decide than for anyone else in the world. Lach. Well, I fail to follow him, Socrates, or to see what he is driving at; for he points out that neither a seer nor a doctor nor anybody else is the man he refers to as the courageous, unless perchance he means it is some god. Now it appears to me that Nicias is unwilling to admit honestly that he has no meaning at all, but dodges this way and that in the hope of concealing his own perplexity. Why, you and I could have dodged in the same way just now, if we wished to avoid the appearance of contradicting ourselves. Of course, if we were arguing in a law-court, there would be some reason for so doing; but here, in a meeting like this of ours, why waste time in adorning oneself with empty words? Soc. I agree that it is out of place, Laches: but let us see: perhaps Nicias thinks he does mean something, and is not talking just for the sake of talking. So let us ask him to explain more clearly what is in his mind; and if we find that he means something, we will agree with him; if not, we will instruct him. Lach. Then, Socrates, if you would like to ask him, please do so: I daresay I have done enough asking. Soc. Well, I see no objection, since the question will be on behalf of us both. Lach. Very well, then. Soc. Now tell me, Nicias, or rather, tell us - for Laches and I are sharing the argument between us - do you say that courage is knowledge of what is to be dreaded or dared? Nic. I do. Soc. And that it is not every man that knows it, since neither a doctor nor a seer can know it, and cannot be courageous unless he add this particular knowledge to his own? This was your statement, was it not? Nic. Yes, it was. Soc. And so in fact this is not a thing which, as the proverb says, any pig would know ; and thus a pig cannot be courageous. Nic. I think not. Soc. Indeed it is obvious, Nicias, that you at least do not believe that even the Crommyonian sow could have been courageous. I say this not in jest, but because I conceive it is necessary for him who states this theory to refuse courage to any wild beast, or else to admit that a beast like a lion or a leopard or even a boar is so wise as to know what only a few men know because it is so hard to perceive. Why, he who subscribes to your account of courage must needs agree that a lion, a stag, a bull, and a monkey have all an equal share of courage in their nature.
French
Victor Cousin · wikisource-cousin-laches-fr-01
[196a] si l’on sera vainqueur ou vaincu à la guerre, ou dans d’autres rencontres ; mais de juger lequel de ces accidens est préférable, un devin en est-il plus capable qu’un autre ? LACHÈS. Non, Socrate, je ne puis comprendre ce qu’il veut dire ; il n’appelle courageux ni le devin, ni le médecin, ni aucun autre, à ce qu’il semble. Peut-être sera-ce quelque dieu ? Mais au fait, je vois que Nicias ne veut pas avouer [196b] franchement qu’il n’a rien dit, et qu’il se débat et se retourne en tous sens pour cacher son embarras. Toi et moi, Socrate, nous eussions pu, tout-à-l’heure, en faire autant, et trouver des subterfuges, si nous n’avions cherché qu’à nous sauver de l’apparence d’une contradiction. Si nous étions devant un tribunal, ces artifices pourraient avoir quelque raison ; mais dans une conversation comme la nôtre, pourquoi chercher à faire illusion avec des mots vides de sens ? [196c] SOCRATE. Cela ne mènerait à rien, sans doute, Lachès ; mais prenons garde si Nicias ne pense pas dire réellement quelque chose, ou s’il ne parle que pour soutenir la discussion. Prions-le donc de s’expliquer plus nettement : si nous trouvons qu’il ait raison, nous nous rangerons à son avis, autrement, nous tâcherons de l’instruire. LACHÈS. Continue de l’interroger, Socrate, si cela te fait plaisir ; pour moi, je l’ai déjà assez questionné. SOCRATE. Rien n’empêche, car je l’interroge pour moi et pour toi. LACHÈS. Assurément. SOCRATE. Dis-moi donc, Nicias, ou plutôt dis-nous, car, Lachès et moi, nous faisons cause commune, [196d] le courage est, selon toi, la science de ce qui est à craindre et de ce qui ne l’est pas ? NICIAS. Oui. SOCRATE. Et cette science ne serait pas donnée à tout le monde, puisque ni le médecin ni le devin ne la savent, et que, par conséquent, ils n’ont pas de courage, à moins qu’ils n’acquièrent cette science d’autre part. N’est-ce pas là ce que tu avances ? NICIAS. Tout-à-fait. SOCRATE. Ce n’est donc pas ici comme dit le proverbe, gibier de toute laie ; et toute laie n’est pas courageuse. NICIAS. Non, assurément. [196e] SOCRATE. Il est évident par-là, Nicias, que tu ne crois pas que la laie de Crommyon ait été courageuse. Je ne dis pas cela pour plaisanter ; mais je pense sérieusement que pour soutenir ton opinion, il faut nécessairement que l’on n’admette aucun courage dans les bêtes, ou ce serait accorder aux animaux assez d’intelligence pour qu’un lion, un tigre, un sanglier pussent comprendre des choses que si peu d’hommes comprennent, à cause de leur difficulté. Bien plus, soutenir que le courage est tel que tu le dis, c’est admettre que les lions et les cerfs, les taureaux et les singes, ont les mêmes dispositions en fait de courage.
Concepts in this passage
Anger
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Aporia
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Care of the soul
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Courage
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Death
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Dialectic
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Dukkha
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Ether and field
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Faith
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Family
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Intelligible forms
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God
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Hope
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Judgment
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Justice
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Knowledge
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Law
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Messiah
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Mindfulness
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Nature
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Necessity
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Pleasure
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Reason
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Salvation
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Sin
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Suffering
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Time
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War and peace
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Wisdom
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