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Plato
Republic Passage 411
Passage 81 of 278
Canonical reference 411
Ancient Greek
perseus-plato-republic-grc
καὶ τοῦ μὲν ἡρμοσμένου σώφρων τε καὶ ἀνδρεία ἡ ψυχή; πάνυ γε. τοῦ δὲ ἀναρμόστου δειλὴ καὶ ἄγροικος; καὶ μάλα. οὐκοῦν ὅταν μέν τις μουσικῇ παρέχῃ καταυλεῖν καὶ καταχεῖν τῆς ψυχῆς διὰ τῶν ὤτων ὥσπερ διὰ χώνης ἃς νυνδὴ ἡμεῖς ἐλέγομεν τὰς γλυκείας τε καὶ μαλακὰς καὶ θρηνώδεις ἁρμονίας, καὶ μινυρίζων τε καὶ γεγανωμένος ὑπὸ τῆς ᾠδῆς διατελῇ τὸν βίον ὅλον, οὗτος τὸ μὲν πρῶτον, εἴ τι θυμοειδὲς εἶχεν, ὥσπερ σίδηρον ἐμάλαξεν καὶ χρήσιμον ἐξ ἀχρήστου καὶ σκληροῦ ἐποίησεν· ὅταν δʼ ἐπέχων μὴ ἀνιῇ ἀλλὰ κηλῇ, τὸ δὴ μετὰ τοῦτο ἤδη τήκει καὶ λείβει, ἕως ἂν ἐκτήξῃ τὸν θυμὸν καὶ ἐκτέμῃ ὥσπερ νεῦρα ἐκ τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ ποιήσῃ μαλθακὸν αἰχμητήν. πάνυ μὲν οὖν, ἔφη. καὶ ἐὰν μέν γε, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, ἐξ ἀρχῆς φύσει ἄθυμον λάβῃ, ταχὺ τοῦτο διεπράξατο· ἐὰν δὲ θυμοειδῆ, ἀσθενῆ ποιήσας τὸν θυμὸν ὀξύρροπον ἀπηργάσατο, ἀπὸ σμικρῶν ταχὺ ἐρεθιζόμενόν τε καὶ κατασβεννύμενον. ἀκράχολοι οὖν καὶ ὀργίλοι ἀντὶ θυμοειδοῦς γεγένηνται, δυσκολίας ἔμπλεῳ. κομιδῇ μὲν οὖν. τί δὲ ἂν αὖ γυμναστικῇ πολλὰ πονῇ καὶ εὐωχῆται εὖ μάλα, μουσικῆς δὲ καὶ φιλοσοφίας μὴ ἅπτηται; οὐ πρῶτον μὲν εὖ ἴσχων τὸ σῶμα φρονήματός τε καὶ θυμοῦ ἐμπίμπλαται καὶ ἀνδρειότερος γίγνεται αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ; καὶ μάλα γε. τί δὲ ἐπειδὰν ἄλλο μηδὲν πράττῃ μηδὲ κοινωνῇ Μούσης μηδαμῇ; οὐκ εἴ τι καὶ ἐνῆν αὐτοῦ φιλομαθὲς ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ, ἅτε οὔτε μαθήματος γευόμενον οὐδενὸς οὔτε ζητήματος, οὔτε λόγου μετίσχον οὔτε τῆς ἄλλης μουσικῆς, ἀσθενές τε καὶ κωφὸν καὶ τυφλὸν γίγνεται, ἅτε οὐκ ἐγειρόμενον οὐδὲ τρεφόμενον οὐδὲ διακαθαιρομένων τῶν αἰσθήσεων αὐτοῦ; οὕτως, ἔφη. μισόλογος δὴ οἶμαι ὁ τοιοῦτος γίγνεται καὶ ἄμουσος, καὶ πειθοῖ μὲν διὰ λόγων οὐδὲν ἔτι χρῆται, βίᾳ δὲ καὶ ἀγριότητι ὥσπερ θηρίον πρὸς πάντα διαπράττεται, καὶ ἐν ἀμαθίᾳ καὶ σκαιότητι μετὰ ἀρρυθμίας τε καὶ ἀχαριστίας ζῇ. παντάπασιν, ἦ δʼ ὅς, οὕτως ἔχει.
English
Benjamin Jowett · perseus-plato-republic-en
And the soul of the man thus attuned is sober and brave? Certainly. And that of the ill adjusted is cowardiy and rude? It surely is. Now when a man abandons himself to music to play upon him and pour into his soul as it were through the funnel of his ears those sweet, soft, and dirge-like airs of which we were just now speaking, and gives his entire time to the warblings and blandishments of song, the first result is that the principle of high spirit, if he had it, is softened like iron and is made useful instead of useless and brittle. But when he continues the practice without remission and is spellbound, the effect begins to be that he melts and liquefies till he completely dissolves away his spirit, cuts out as it were the very sinews of his soul and makes of himself a feeble warrior. Assuredly, he said. And if, said I, he has to begin with a spiritless nature he reaches this result quickly, but if high-spirited, by weakening the spirit he makes it unstable, quickly irritated by slight stimuli, and as quickly quelled. The outcome is that such men are choleric and irascible instead of high-spirited, and are peevish and discontented. Precisely so. On the other hand, if a man toils hard at gymnastics and eats right lustily and holds no truck with music and philosophy, does he not at first get very fit and full of pride and high spirit and become more brave and bold than he was? He does indeed. But what if he does nothing but this and has no contact with the Muse in any way, is not the result that even if there was some principle of the love of knowledge in his soul, since it tastes of no instruction nor of any inquiry and does not participate in any discussion or any other form of culture, it becomes feeble, deaf, and blind, because it is not aroused or fed nor are its perceptions purified and quickened? That is so, he said. And so such a man, I take it, becomes a misologist and stranger to the Muses. He no longer makes any use of persuasion by speech but achieves all his ends like a beast by violence and savagery, and in his brute ignorance and ineptitude lives a life of disharmony and gracelessness. That is entirely true, he said.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-11
Et l’âme de l’homme ainsi accordé est modérée et courageuse ? Certainement. Et celle de l’homme mal accordé est lâche et rude ? Assurément. Lorsqu’un homme s’abandonne à la musique afin qu’elle joue sur lui et verse dans son âme, comme par l’entonnoir de ses oreilles, ces mélodies douces, molles et plaintives dont nous parlions à l’instant, et qu’il consacre tout son temps aux gazouillements et aux séductions du chant, le premier résultat est que l’élément ardent, s’il le possédait, s’amollit comme le fer et devient utile au lieu d’être inutile et cassant. Mais lorsqu’il poursuit cette pratique sans relâche et se laisse ensorceler, l’effet commence à être qu’il fond et se liquéfie, jusqu’à dissoudre entièrement son ardeur, à retrancher pour ainsi dire les nerfs mêmes de son âme et à faire de lui-même un piètre guerrier. Assurément, dit-il. Et si, dis-je, il avait dès le commencement une nature dépourvue d’ardeur, il atteint rapidement ce résultat ; mais s’il était ardent, l’affaiblissement de son ardeur la rend instable, prompte à s’irriter sous de faibles stimulations et tout aussi prompte à retomber. Il en résulte que de tels hommes deviennent colériques et irascibles au lieu d’être ardents, moroses et mécontents. Précisément. D’autre part, si un homme peine durement à la gymnastique, mange avec grand appétit et ne veut avoir aucun commerce avec la musique et la philosophie, ne commence-t-il pas par devenir fort robuste, plein de fierté et d’ardeur, plus courageux et plus hardi qu’il ne l’était ? En effet. Mais s’il ne fait rien d’autre et n’a aucun contact d’aucune sorte avec la Muse, n’en résulte-t-il pas que, même si son âme contenait quelque principe d’amour du savoir, celui-ci, parce qu’il ne goûte aucune instruction ni aucune recherche, ne participe à aucune discussion ni à aucune autre forme de culture, devient faible, sourd et aveugle, faute d’être éveillé ou nourri, et faute que ses perceptions soient purifiées et aiguisées ? C’est cela, dit-il. Un tel homme devient donc, je suppose, ennemi du raisonnement et étranger aux Muses. Il ne fait plus aucun usage de la persuasion par la parole, mais atteint toutes ses fins comme une bête, par la violence et la sauvagerie ; et, dans son ignorance et sa maladresse brutales, il mène une vie dépourvue d’harmonie et de grâce. C’est entièrement vrai, dit-il.
Concepts in this passage
Anger
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Beneficence
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Care of the soul
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Courage
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Education
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Family
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Forgiveness
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Intelligible forms
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Friendship
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Human wisdom
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Justice
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Justice and care for the vulnerable
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Knowledge
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Logos of nature
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Love
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Nature
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Philosopher ruler
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Philosophical training
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Reason
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Sin
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Spirit
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Time
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Tripartite soul
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War and peace
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Wisdom
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