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Plato
Republic Passage 578
Passage 237 of 278
Canonical reference 578
Ancient Greek
perseus-plato-republic-grc
καὶ ψυχὴν ἄρα τυραννικὴν πενιχρὰν καὶ ἄπληστον ἀνάγκη ἀεὶ εἶναι. οὕτως, ἦ δʼ ὅς. τί δέ; φόβου γέμειν ἆρʼ οὐκ ἀνάγκη τήν τε τοιαύτην πόλιν τόν τε τοιοῦτον ἄνδρα; πολλή γε. ὀδυρμούς τε καὶ στεναγμοὺς καὶ θρήνους καὶ ἀλγηδόνας οἴει ἔν τινι ἄλλῃ πλείους εὑρήσειν; οὐδαμῶς. ἐν ἀνδρὶ δὲ ἡγῇ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐν ἄλλῳ τινὶ πλείω εἶναι ἢ ἐν τῷ μαινομένῳ ὑπὸ ἐπιθυμιῶν τε καὶ ἐρώτων τούτῳ τῷ τυραννικῷ; πῶς γὰρ ἄν; ἔφη. εἰς πάντα δὴ οἶμαι ταῦτά τε καὶ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα ἀποβλέψας τήν τε πόλιν τῶν πόλεων ἀθλιωτάτην ἔκρινας - οὐκοῦν ὀρθῶς; ἔφη. καὶ μάλα, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ. ἀλλὰ περὶ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς αὖ τοῦ τυραννικοῦ τί λέγεις εἰς ταὐτὰ ταῦτα ἀποβλέπων; μακρῷ, ἔφη, ἀθλιώτατον εἶναι τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων. τοῦτο, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, οὐκέτʼ ὀρθῶς λέγεις. πῶς; ἦ δʼ ὅς. οὔπω, ἔφην, οἶμαι, οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τοιοῦτος μάλιστα. ἀλλὰ τίς μήν; ὅδε ἴσως σοι ἔτι δόξει εἶναι τούτου ἀθλιώτερος. ποῖος; ὃς ἄν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, τυραννικὸς ὢν μὴ ἰδιώτην βίον καταβιῷ, ἀλλὰ δυστυχὴς ᾖ καὶ αὐτῷ ὑπό τινος συμφορᾶς ἐκπορισθῇ ὥστε τυράννῳ γενέσθαι. τεκμαίρομαί σε, ἔφη, ἐκ τῶν προειρημένων ἀληθῆ λέγειν. ναί, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, ἀλλʼ οὐκ οἴεσθαι χρὴ τὰ τοιαῦτα, ἀλλʼ εὖ μάλα τῷ τοιούτῳ λόγῳ σκοπεῖν· περὶ γάρ τοι τοῦ μεγίστου ἡ σκέψις, ἀγαθοῦ τε βίου καὶ κακοῦ. ὀρθότατα, ἦ δʼ ὅς. σκόπει δὴ εἰ ἄρα τι λέγω. δοκεῖ γάρ μοι δεῖν ἐννοῆσαι ἐκ τῶνδε περὶ αὐτοῦ σκοποῦντας. ἐκ τίνων; ἐξ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου τῶν ἰδιωτῶν, ὅσοι πλούσιοι ἐν πόλεσιν ἀνδράποδα πολλὰ κέκτηνται. οὗτοι γὰρ τοῦτό γε προσόμοιον ἔχουσιν τοῖς τυράννοις, τὸ πολλῶν ἄρχειν· διαφέρει δὲ τὸ ἐκείνου πλῆθος. διαφέρει γάρ. οἶσθʼ οὖν ὅτι οὗτοι ἀδεῶς ἔχουσιν καὶ οὐ φοβοῦνται τοὺς οἰκέτας; τί γὰρ ἂν φοβοῖντο; οὐδέν, εἶπον· ἀλλὰ τὸ αἴτιον ἐννοεῖς; ναί, ὅτι γε πᾶσα ἡ πόλις ἑνὶ ἑκάστῳ βοηθεῖ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν. καλῶς, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, λέγεις. τί δέ; εἴ τις θεῶν ἄνδρα ἕνα, ὅτῳ ἔστιν ἀνδράποδα πεντήκοντα ἢ καὶ πλείω, ἄρας ἐκ τῆς πόλεως αὐτόν τε καὶ γυναῖκα καὶ παῖδας θείη εἰς ἐρημίαν μετὰ τῆς ἄλλης οὐσίας τε καὶ τῶν οἰκετῶν, ὅπου αὐτῷ μηδεὶς τῶν ἐλευθέρων μέλλοι βοηθήσειν, ἐν ποίῳ ἄν τινι καὶ ὁπόσῳ φόβῳ οἴει γενέσθαι αὐτὸν περί τε αὑτοῦ καὶ παίδων καὶ γυναικός, μὴ ἀπόλοιντο ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκετῶν; ἐν παντί, ἦ δʼ ὅς, ἔγωγε.
English
Benjamin Jowett · perseus-plato-republic-en
Then the tyrant soul also must of necessity always be needy and suffer from unfulfilled desire. So it is, he said. And again, must not such a city, as well as such a man, be full of terrors and alarms? It must indeed. And do you think you will find more lamentations and groans and wailing and anguish in any other city? By no means. And so of man, do you think these things will more abound in any other than in this tyrant type, that is maddened by its desires and passions? How could it be so? he said. In view of all these and other like considerations, then, I take it, you judged that this city is the most miserable of cities. And was I not right? he said. Yes, indeed, said I. But of the tyrant man, what have you to say in view of these same things? That he is far and away the most miserable of all, he said. I cannot admit, said I, that you are right in that too. How so? said he. This one, said I, I take it, has not yet attained the acme of misery. Then who has? Perhaps you will regard the one I am about to name as still more wretched. What one? The one, said I, who, being of tyrannical temper, does not live out his life in private station but is so unfortunate that by some unhappy chance he is enabled to become an actual tyrant. I infer from what has already been said, he replied, that you speak truly. Yes, said I, but it is not enough to suppose such things. We must examine them thoroughly by reason and an argument such as this. For our inquiry concerns the greatest of all things, the good life or the bad life. Quite right, he replied. Consider, then, if there is anything in what I say. For I think we must get a notion of the matter from these examples. From which? From individual wealthy private citizens in our states who possess many slaves. For these resemble the tyrant in being rulers over many, only the tyrant’s numbers are greater. Yes, they are. You are aware, then, that they are unafraid and do not fear their slaves? What should they fear? Nothing, I said; but do you perceive the reason why? Yes, because the entire state is ready to defend each citizen. You are right, I said. But now suppose some god should catch up a man who has fifty or more slaves and waft him with his wife and children away from the city and set him down with his other possessions and his slaves in a solitude where no freeman could come to his rescue. What and how great would be his fear, do you suppose, lest he and his wife and children be destroyed by the slaves? The greatest in the world, he said, if you ask me.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-11
L’âme tyrannique doit donc, elle aussi, être nécessairement toujours indigente et souffrir de désirs inassouvis. Il en est ainsi, dit-il. Et encore, une telle cité comme un tel homme ne doivent-ils pas être remplis de terreurs et d’alarmes ? Ils doivent l’être, assurément. Penses-tu trouver dans une autre cité davantage de lamentations, de gémissements, de plaintes et d’angoisses ? Nullement. Et chez l’homme, penses-tu que ces maux abondent davantage dans un autre type que chez ce type tyrannique, rendu fou par ses désirs et ses passions ? Comment le pourraient-ils ? dit-il. En considération de tous ces faits et d’autres semblables, je suppose donc que tu as jugé cette cité la plus misérable de toutes. Et n’avais-je pas raison ? dit-il. Si, certes, dis-je. Mais que dis-tu de l’homme tyrannique, au vu de ces mêmes faits ? Qu’il est de très loin le plus misérable de tous, dit-il. Là encore, dis-je, je ne peux admettre que tu aies raison. Comment cela ? dit-il. Celui-ci, dis-je, n’a pas encore, je suppose, atteint le comble de la misère. Qui donc l’a atteint ? Peut-être jugeras-tu plus misérable encore celui que je vais nommer. Lequel ? Celui, dis-je, qui, possédant un tempérament tyrannique, ne passe pas sa vie dans la condition d’un simple particulier, mais a le malheur qu’un funeste hasard lui permette de devenir véritablement tyran. Je conclus de ce qui a déjà été dit, répondit-il, que tu dis vrai. Oui, dis-je, mais il ne suffit pas de supposer ces choses. Il faut les examiner à fond par le raisonnement et par une argumentation telle que celle-ci. Car notre recherche porte sur ce qu’il y a de plus important : la vie bonne ou la vie mauvaise. Tout à fait juste, répondit-il. Examine donc si ce que je dis a quelque valeur. Je pense en effet que nous devons nous faire une idée de la question à partir des exemples suivants. Lesquels ? Les riches particuliers de nos États qui possèdent de nombreux esclaves. Ils ressemblent au tyran en ce qu’ils commandent à beaucoup d’hommes, sauf que le tyran en commande un plus grand nombre. Oui. Tu sais donc qu’ils vivent sans crainte et ne redoutent pas leurs esclaves ? Que pourraient-ils redouter ? Rien, dis-je ; mais en aperçois-tu la raison ? Oui, c’est que l’État tout entier est prêt à défendre chaque citoyen. Tu as raison, dis-je. Mais suppose maintenant qu’un dieu enlève un homme qui possède cinquante esclaves ou davantage, l’emporte avec sa femme et ses enfants loin de la cité et le dépose, avec ses autres biens et ses esclaves, dans un lieu désert où aucun homme libre ne pourrait venir à son secours. Quelle serait, à ton avis, la grandeur de sa crainte de se voir détruit, lui, sa femme et ses enfants, par ses esclaves ? La plus grande qui soit au monde, dit-il, si tu veux mon avis.
Concepts in this passage
Affects
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Anguish
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Care of the soul
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Desire
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Education
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Family
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Fear
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Intelligible forms
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Fortune
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Freedom
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God
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Judgment
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Justice
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Necessity
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Philosopher ruler
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Philosophical eros
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Pleasure
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Reason
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Slavery
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Suffering
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Tripartite soul
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War and peace
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