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Posidonius
Fragments on Customs and Wars Carrier unit 43
Carrier unit 53 of 197
Canonical reference F.43
Ancient Greek
;Marcell. 20: τῶν δὲ Ῥωμαίων τοῖς ἐκτὸς ἀνθρώποις δεινῶν μὲν εἶναι πόλεμον μεταχειρίσασθαι καὶ φοβερῶν εἰς χεῖρας ἐλθεῖν νομιζομένων, εὐγνωμοσύνης δὲ καὶ φιλανθρωπίας καὶ ὅλως πολιτικῆς ἀρετῆς ὑποδείγματα μὴ δεδωκότων, πρῶτος δοκεῖ τότε Μάρκελλος ὑποδεῖξαι τοῖς Ἕλλησι δικαιοτέρους Ῥωμαίους. οὕτω γὰρ ἐχρῆτο τοῖς συμβάλλουσι καὶ τοσαῦτα καὶ πόλεις καὶ ἰδιώτας εὐεργέτησεν, ὥστε εἴ τι περὶ Ἔνναν ἢ Μεγαρεῖς ἢ Συρακουσίους ἔργον ἦν εἰργασμένον οὐκ ἐπιεικὲς αὐτοῖς, τοῦτο τῶν πεπονθότων αἰτίαι μᾶλλον ἢ τῶν πεποιηκότων δοκεῖν γεγονέναι. μνησθήσομαι δὲ ἑνὸς ἀπὸ πολλῶν. πόλις ἐστὶ τῆς Σικελίας Ἐγγύιον οὐ μεγάλη, ἀρχαία δὲ πάνυ καὶ διὰ θεῶν ἐπιφάνειαν ἔνδοξος, ἃς καλοῦσι Ματέρας. ἵδρυμα λέγεται Κρητῶν γενέσθαι τὸ ἱερόν· καὶ λόγχας τινὰς ἐδείκνυσαν καὶ κράνη χαλκᾶ, τὰ μὲν ἔχοντα Μηριόνου τὰ δὲ Οὐλίξου, τουτέστιν Ὀδυσσέως, ἐπιγραφάς, ἀνατεθεικότων ταῖς θεαῖς. ταύτην προθυμότατα καρχηδονίζουσαν Νικίας, ἀνὴρ πρῶτος τῶν πολιτῶν, ἔπειθε μεταθέσθαι πρὸς Ῥωμαίους, ἀναφανδὸν ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις παρρησιαζόμενος καὶ κακῶς φρονοῦντας ἐξελέγχων τοὺς ὑπεναντίους. οἱ δὲ φοβούμενοι τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν δόξαν ἐβουλεύσαντο συναρπάσαι καὶ παραδοῦναι τοῖς Φοίνιξιν. αἰσθόμενος οὖν ὁ Νικίας ἤδη καὶ παραφυλαττόμενον ἀδήλως ἑαυτόν, ἐξέφερεν ἐν φανερῶι λόγους περὶ τῶν Ματέρων ἀνεπιτηδείους καὶ πολλὰ πρὸς τὴν νομιζομένην ἐπιφάνειαν καὶ δόξαν ὡς ἀπιστῶν καὶ καταφρονῶν ἔπραττεν, ἡδομένων τῶν ἐχθρῶν, ὅτι τὴν μεγίστην αἰτίαν αὐτὸς ἐφ’ ἑαυτὸν ὧν πείσεται παρεῖχε. γεγονότων δὲ τῶν πρὸς τὴν σύλληψιν ἑτοίμων ἦν μὲν ἐκκλησία τῶν πολιτῶν, ὁ δὲ Νικίας μεταξύ τι λέγων καὶ συμβουλεύων πρὸς τὸν δῆμον ἐξαίφνης ἀφῆκεν εἰς τὴν γῆν τὸ σῶμα· καὶ μικρὸν διαλιπών, οἷον εἰκός, ἡσυχίας σὺν ἐκπλήξει γενομένης, τὴν κεφαλὴν ἐπάρας καὶ περιενεγκὼν ὑποτρόμωι φωνῆι καὶ βαρείαι κατὰ μικρὸν συντείνων καὶ παροξύνων τὸν ἦχον, ὡς ἑώρα φρίκηι καὶ σιωπῆι κατεχόμενον τὸ θέατρον, ἀπορρίψας τὸ ἱμάτιον καὶ περιρρηξάμενος τὸν χιτωνίσκον ἡμίγυμνος ἀναπηδήσας ἔθεε πρὸς τὴν ἔξοδον τοῦ θεάτρου βοῶν ὑπὸ τῶν Ματέρων ἐλαύνεσθαι. μηδενὸς δὲ τολμῶντος ἅψασθαι μηδὲ ἀπαντῆσαι διὰ δεισιδαιμονίαν ἀλλ’ ἐκτρεπομένων, ἐπὶ τὰς πύλας ἐξέδραμεν, οὔτε φωνῆς τινὸς οὔτε κινήσεως πρεπούσης δαιμονῶντι καὶ παραφρονοῦντι φεισάμενος. ἡ δὲ γυνὴ συνειδυῖα καὶ συντεχνάζουσα τῶι ἀνδρί, λαβοῦσα τὰ παιδία πρῶτον μὲν ἱκέτις προσεκυλινδεῖτο τοῖς μεγάροις τῶν θεῶν, ἔπειτα πλανώμενον ἐκεῖνον προσποιουμένη ζητεῖν κωλύοντος οὐδενὸς ἀσφαλῶς ἀπῆλθεν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως. καὶ διεσώθησαν μὲν οὕτως εἰς Συρακούσας πρὸς Μάρκελλον. ἐπεὶ δὲ πολλὰ τοὺς Ἐγγυίους ὑβρίσαντας καὶ πλημμελήσαντας ἐλθὼν Μάρκελλος ἔδησε πάντας ὡς τιμωρησόμενος, ὁ δὲ Νικίας ἐδάκρυσε παρεστώς, τέλος δὲ χειρῶν καὶ γονάτων ἁπτόμενος παρηιτεῖτο τοὺς πολίτας ἀπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἀρξάμενος, ἐπικλασθεὶς ἀφῆκε πάντας καὶ τὴν πόλιν οὐδὲν ἠδίκησε, τῶι δὲ Νικίαι χώραν τε πολλὴν καὶ δωρεὰς πολλὰς ἔδωκε. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν Ποσειδώνιος ὁ φιλόσοφος ἱστόρησε.
English AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-15
Marcellus 20: Although the Romans were regarded by foreign peoples as formidable in conducting war and fearsome in hand-to-hand combat, they had given no examples of fairness, humanity, or civic virtue in general. Marcellus seems then to have been the first to show the Greeks that the Romans were more just. For he treated those with whom he had dealings in such a way, and conferred so many benefits upon both cities and private individuals, that if any harsh deed had been done to the people around Henna, or to the Megarians, or to the Syracusans, it seemed to have arisen more through the fault of those who suffered than of those who did it.
I shall mention one example out of many. There is a city in Sicily called Engyium, not a large one, but very ancient and renowned for the manifestation of goddesses whom they call the Mothers. Their sanctuary is said to have been founded by Cretans. They used to display several spears and bronze helmets, some bearing inscriptions naming Meriones and others Ulysses, that is, Odysseus, who had dedicated them to the goddesses.
This city was most eagerly supporting the Carthaginians when Nicias, the foremost of its citizens, tried to persuade it to change sides and join the Romans. He spoke openly and freely in the assemblies and exposed the folly of his opponents. Fearing his power and reputation, they plotted to seize him and hand him over to the Phoenicians. Nicias perceived what was happening and that he was already being watched in secret. He therefore began publicly making improper statements about the Mothers and did many things showing disbelief in and contempt for their reputed manifestation and renown. His enemies were delighted, because he himself was providing the strongest charge against himself for the punishment he was about to suffer.
When everything was ready for his arrest, an assembly of the citizens was held. While Nicias was in the midst of speaking and offering counsel to the people, he suddenly let his body fall to the ground. After a brief interval, during which, as one might expect, there was a stunned silence, he raised his head and turned it about, speaking in a trembling, deep voice. Little by little he strained and sharpened its sound. When he saw that the theater was gripped by horror and silence, he cast off his cloak, tore apart his tunic, sprang up half naked, and ran toward the theater's exit, shouting that the Mothers were driving him on. No one dared touch or confront him because of superstitious fear, but all moved out of his way. He ran out through the gates, sparing himself no cry or movement suitable to a man possessed and deranged.
His wife, who knew of and shared in her husband's stratagem, took their children and first threw herself as a suppliant before the shrines of the goddesses. Then, pretending that she was going in search of her wandering husband, she left the city safely, with no one hindering her. In this way they escaped to Marcellus at Syracuse.
Later, after the people of Engyium had committed many outrages and offenses, Marcellus came and bound them all, intending to punish them. Nicias stood by in tears and finally grasped Marcellus's hands and knees, begging him to spare his fellow citizens, beginning with his enemies. Marcellus relented, released them all, and did no harm to the city; and he gave Nicias a large estate and many gifts. These events were related by Posidonius the philosopher.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-15
;Marcell. 20 : Les peuples étrangers tenaient les Romains pour redoutables dans la conduite de la guerre et terribles au corps à corps, mais ceux-ci n’avaient encore donné aucun exemple d’équité, d’humanité ni, plus généralement, de vertu politique. Marcellus semble avoir été alors le premier à montrer aux Grecs que les Romains étaient plus justes. Il traitait en effet de telle manière ceux qui avaient affaire à lui, et accorda tant de bienfaits à des cités comme à des particuliers, que, si quelque acte contraire à l’équité avait été commis envers les habitants d’Enna, de Mégare ou de Syracuse, on estimait que la responsabilité en incombait davantage à ceux qui l’avaient subi qu’à ceux qui l’avaient accompli. Je mentionnerai un seul exemple parmi beaucoup d’autres. Il existe en Sicile une cité nommée Engyon, peu importante, mais très ancienne et célèbre en raison de l’apparition de déesses appelées les Mères. Leur sanctuaire aurait été fondé par des Crétois ; on y montrait quelques lances et des casques de bronze, portant les uns des inscriptions au nom de Mérion, les autres au nom d’Oulixès, c’est-à-dire d’Ulysse, qui les avaient consacrés aux déesses. Cette cité soutenait très ardemment les Carthaginois. Nicias, le premier des citoyens, cherchait à la convaincre de passer du côté des Romains : il parlait ouvertement et librement dans les assemblées et confondait ses adversaires en montrant qu’ils raisonnaient mal. Ceux-ci, craignant sa puissance et sa renommée, décidèrent de se saisir de lui et de le livrer aux Phéniciens. Nicias, s’étant aperçu qu’on le surveillait désormais secrètement, tint publiquement des propos inconvenants sur les Mères et se comporta souvent, à l’égard de leur apparition et de leur renommée traditionnelles, comme s’il n’y croyait pas et les méprisait. Ses ennemis s’en réjouissaient, car il fournissait lui-même contre sa personne le plus grave motif des traitements qu’il allait subir. Lorsque tout fut prêt pour son arrestation, les citoyens étaient réunis en assemblée. Nicias, au milieu d’un discours dans lequel il donnait des conseils au peuple, laissa soudain tomber son corps à terre. Après un bref intervalle, durant lequel, comme on peut le penser, le silence se fit dans la stupeur, il releva la tête, la promena autour de lui et parla d’une voix tremblante et grave, dont il força et aiguisa peu à peu le son. Lorsqu’il vit que le théâtre était saisi d’effroi et de silence, il rejeta son manteau, déchira sa tunique autour de lui, bondit à demi nu et courut vers la sortie du théâtre en criant que les Mères le poursuivaient. Comme personne, par crainte religieuse, n’osait le toucher ni lui barrer le passage, et que tous s’écartaient, il courut jusqu’aux portes, sans s’épargner aucun cri ni aucun mouvement convenant à un homme possédé et frappé de folie. Sa femme, qui était au courant et participait à la ruse de son mari, prit leurs enfants et commença par se rouler en suppliante devant les sanctuaires des déesses. Puis, feignant de partir à la recherche de Nicias qui errait au loin, elle quitta la cité en sûreté, sans que personne l’en empêchât. Ils parvinrent ainsi sains et saufs à Syracuse, auprès de Marcellus. Plus tard, Marcellus vint à Engyon et fit enchaîner tous les habitants, qui avaient commis de nombreux outrages et de nombreuses fautes, comme s’il allait les châtier. Nicias, présent à ses côtés, se mit à pleurer ; enfin, lui saisissant les mains et les genoux, il demanda la grâce des citoyens, en commençant par ses ennemis. Marcellus, fléchi, les relâcha tous et ne fit aucun tort à la cité ; il donna à Nicias de vastes terres et de nombreux présents. Voilà donc ce que rapporte le philosophe Posidonius.
Concepts in this passage
Aporia
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Customs and institutions
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Education
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Elenchus
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Empirical inquiry through travel
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Fear
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Friendship
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Historical causation
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Justice
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Luxury and corruption
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Nature
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Philosophical eros
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Pleasure
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Reason
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Virtue
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War and civil disorder
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Wisdom
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