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Aristotle
Rhetoric Section 10
Section 99 of 882
Canonical reference 1.13.10
Ancient Greek
ἔστι δὲ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα περὶ τοῦ ἄδικον εἶναι καὶ φαῦλον ἢ μὴ ἄδικον ἡ ἀμφισβήτησις· ἐν γὰρ τῇ προαιρέσει ἡ μοχθηρία καὶ τὸ ἀδικεῖν, τὰ δὲ τοιαῦτα τῶν ὀνομάτων προσσημαίνει τὴν προαίρεσιν, οἷον ὕβρις καὶ κλοπή· οὐ γὰρ εἰ ἐπάταξεν πάντως ὕβρισεν, ἀλλʼ εἰ ἕνεκά του, οἷον τοῦ ἀτιμάσαι ἐκεῖνον ἢ αὐτὸς ἡσθῆναι. οὐδὲ πάντως, εἰ λάθρᾳ ἔλαβεν, ἔκλεψεν, ἀλλʼ εἰ ἐπὶ βλάβῃ τούτου ἀφʼ οὗ ἔλαβε καὶ σφετερισμῷ ἑαυτοῦ. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἔχει ὥσπερ καὶ περὶ τούτων.
English
J. H. Freese, 1926
In all such instances the question at issue is to know whether the supposed offender is a wrongdoer and a worthless person, or not; for vice and wrongdoing consist in the moral purpose, and such terms as outrage and theft further indicate purpose; for if a man has struck, it does not in all cases follow that he has committed an outrage, but only if he has struck with a certain object, for instance, to bring disrepute upon the other or to please himself. Again, if a man has taken something by stealth, it is by no means certain that he has committed theft, but only if he has taken it to injure another or to get something for himself. It is the same in all other cases as in these.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-13
Dans tous les cas de ce genre, la question en litige est de savoir si celui que l'on suppose coupable est ou non un homme injuste et sans valeur, car le vice et l'injustice résident dans l'intention morale, et des termes comme outrage et vol indiquent en outre une intention. En effet, si un homme a frappé, il ne s'ensuit pas dans tous les cas qu'il ait commis un outrage, mais seulement s'il a frappé dans un certain dessein, par exemple pour déshonorer l'autre ou se faire plaisir. De même, si un homme a pris quelque chose en secret, il n'est nullement certain qu'il ait commis un vol, mais seulement s'il l'a pris pour nuire à autrui ou se procurer quelque chose. Il en va de tous les autres cas comme de ceux-ci.
Concepts in this passage
Anger
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Care of the soul
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Ether and field
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Family
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Fear
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Justice
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Moral choice
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Reason
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Rhetoric
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