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Aristotle
Rhetoric Section 4
Section 341 of 882
Canonical reference 2.1.4
Ancient Greek
τὸ μὲν οὖν ποιόν τινα φαίνεσθαι τὸν λέγοντα χρησιμώτερον εἰς τὰς συμβουλάς ἐστιν, τὸ δὲ διακεῖσθαί πως τὸν ἀκροατὴν εἰς τὰς δίκας· οὐ γὰρ ταὐτὰ φαίνεται φιλοῦσι καὶ μισοῦσιν, οὐδʼ ὀργιζομένοις καὶ πράως ἔχουσιν, ἀλλʼ ἢ τὸ παράπαν ἕτερα ἢ κατὰ μέγεθος ἕτερα· τῷ μὲν γὰρ φιλοῦντι περὶ οὗ ποιεῖται τὴν κρίσιν ἢ οὐκ ἀδικεῖν ἢ μικρὰ δοκεῖ ἀδικεῖν, τῷ δὲ μισοῦντι τοὐναντίον· καὶ τῷ μὲν ἐπιθυμοῦντι καὶ εὐέλπιδι ὄντι, ἐὰν ᾖ τὸ ἐσόμενον ἡδύ, καὶ ἔσεσθαι καὶ ἀγαθὸν ἔσεσθαι φαίνεται, τῷ δʼ ἀπαθεῖ ἢ καὶ δυσχεραίνοντι τοὐναντίον.
English
J. H. Freese, 1926
In deliberative oratory, it is more useful that the orator should appear to be of a certain character, in forensic, that the hearer should be disposed in a certain way; for opinions vary, according as men love or hate, are wrathful or mild, and things appear either altogether different, or different in degree; for when a man is favorably disposed towards one on whom he is passing judgement, he either thinks that the accused has committed no wrong at all or that his offence is trifling; but if he hates him, the reverse is the case. And if a man desires anything and has good hopes of getting it, if what is to come is pleasant, he thinks that it is sure to come to pass and will be good; but if a man is unemotional or not hopeful it is quite the reverse.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-13
Dans l’éloquence délibérative, il est plus utile que l’orateur paraisse avoir un certain caractère ; dans l’éloquence judiciaire, que l’auditeur soit placé dans une certaine disposition. Car les opinions varient selon que les hommes aiment ou haïssent, sont courroucés ou doux, et les choses leur paraissent soit tout à fait différentes, soit différentes par le degré. Lorsqu’un homme est favorablement disposé envers celui qu’il juge, il pense soit que l’accusé n’a commis absolument aucun tort, soit que sa faute est légère ; mais s’il le hait, c’est le contraire. Et lorsqu’un homme désire quelque chose et nourrit le ferme espoir de l’obtenir, si ce qui doit arriver est agréable, il pense que cela arrivera certainement et sera bon ; mais s’il demeure sans émotion ou sans espoir, c’est tout le contraire.
Concepts in this passage
Anger
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Desire
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Ether and field
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Fear
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Friendship
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Hope
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Judgment
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Justice
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Love
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Reason
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Rhetoric
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Sin
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War and peace
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