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Aristotle

Rhetoric Section 21

Section 432 of 882

Canonical reference 2.19.21

Ancient Greek

καὶ εἰ γέγονεν ὅσα ἢ πέφυκε πρὸ ἐκείνου ἢ ἕνεκα ἐκείνου, οἷον εἰ ἤστραψε, καὶ ἐβρόντησεν, καὶ εἰ ἐπείρασε, καὶ ἔπραξεν. καὶ εἰ ὅσα ὕστερον πέφυκε γίγνεσθαι ἢ οὗ ἕνεκα γίγνεται γέγονε, καὶ τὸ πρότερον καὶ τὸ τούτου ἕνεκα γέγονεν, οἷον εἰ ἐβρόντησε, καὶ ἤστραψεν, καὶ εἰ ἔπραξεν, ἐπείρασεν.

English

J. H. Freese, 1926

And if all the natural antecedents or causes of a thing have happened; for instance, if it has lightened, it has also thundered; and if a man has already attempted a crime, he has also committed it. And if all the natural consequences or motives of actions have happened, then the antecedent or the cause has happened; for instance, if it has thundered, it has also lightened, and if a man has committed a crime, he has also attempted it.

French AI-generated translation, non-official

Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-13

Et si tous les antécédents naturels ou toutes les causes d’une chose se sont produits ; par exemple, s’il y a eu un éclair, il y a aussi eu du tonnerre ; et si un homme a déjà tenté un crime, il l’a aussi commis. Et si toutes les conséquences naturelles ou tous les motifs des actions se sont produits, alors l’antécédent ou la cause s’est produit ; par exemple, s’il y a eu du tonnerre, il y a aussi eu un éclair, et si un homme a commis un crime, il l’a aussi tenté.

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