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Aristotle
Rhetoric Section 22
Section 433 of 882
Canonical reference 2.19.22
Ancient Greek
ἔστι δὲ τούτων ἁπάντων τὰ μὲν ἐξ ἀνάγκης τὰ δʼ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ οὕτως ἔχοντα. περὶ δὲ τοῦ μὴ γεγονέναι φανερὸν ὅτι ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων τοῖς εἰρημένοις.
English
J. H. Freese, 1926
Of all these things some are so related necessarily, others only as a general rule. To establish that a thing has not happened, it is evident that our argument must be derived from the opposite of what has been said.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-13
Parmi toutes ces choses, certaines sont liées nécessairement, d’autres seulement en règle générale. Pour établir qu’une chose ne s’est pas produite, il est évident que notre argument doit être tiré du contraire de ce qui a été dit.