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Aristotle
Rhetoric Section 2
Section 548 of 882
Canonical reference 2.24.2
Ancient Greek
τόποι δʼ εἰσὶ τῶν φαινομένων ἐνθυμημάτων εἷς μὲν ὁ παρὰ τὴν λέξιν, καὶ τούτου ἓν μὲν μέρος, ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς διαλεκτικοῖς, τὸ μὴ συλλογισάμενον συμπερασματικῶς τὸ τελευταῖον εἰπεῖν, οὐκ ἄρα τὸ καὶ τό, ἀνάγκη ἄρα τὸ καὶ τό , ἐν τοῖς ἐνθυμήμασι τὸ συνεστραμμένως καὶ ἀντικειμένως εἰπεῖν φαίνεται ἐνθύμημα (ἡ γὰρ τοιαύτη λέξις χώρα ἐστὶν ἐνθυμήματος)· καὶ ἔοικε τὸ τοιοῦτον εἶναι παρὰ τὸ σχῆμα τῆς λέξεως. ἔστι δὲ εἰς τὸ τῇ λέξει συλλογιστικῶς λέγειν χρήσιμον τὸ συλλογισμῶν πολλῶν κεφάλαια λέγειν, ὅτι τοὺς μὲν ἔσωσε, τοῖς δʼ ἑτέροις ἐτιμώρησε, τοὺς δʼ Ἕλληνας ἠλευθέρωσε· ἕκαστον μὲν γὰρ τούτων ἐξ ἄλλων ἀπεδείχθη, συντεθέντων δὲ φαίνεται καὶ ἐκ τούτων τι γίγνεσθαι. ἓν δὲ τὸ παρὰ τὴν ὁμωνυμίαν, τὸ φάναι σπουδαῖον εἶναι μῦν, ἀφʼ οὗ γʼ ἐστὶν ἡ τιμιωτάτη πασῶν τελετή· τὰ γὰρ μυστήρια πασῶν τιμιωτάτη τελετή. ἢ εἴ τις κύνα ἐγκωμιάζων τὸν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ συμπαραλαμβάνοι, ἢ τὸν Πᾶνα, ὅτι Πίνδαρος ἔφησεν ὦ μάκαρ, ὅν τε μεγάλας θεοῦ κύνα παντοδαπὸν καλέουσιν Ὀλύμπιοι, ἢ ὅτι τὸ μηδένα εἶναι κύνʼ ἀτιμότατόν ἐστιν, ὥστε τὸ κύνα δῆλον ὅτι τίμιον. καὶ τὸ κοινωνικὸν φάναι τὸν Ἑρμῆν εἶναι μάλιστα τῶν θεῶν· μόνος γὰρ καλεῖται κοινὸς Ἑρμῆς. καὶ τὸ τὸν λόγον εἶναι σπουδαιότατον, ὅτι οἱ ἀγαθοὶ ἄνδρες οὐ χρημάτων ἀλλὰ λόγου εἰσὶν ἄξιοι· τὸ γὰρ λόγου ἄξιον οὐχ ἁπλῶς λέγεται.
English
J. H. Freese, 1926
Now, of the topics of apparent enthymemes one is that of diction, which is of two kinds. The first, as in Dialectic, consists in ending with a conclusion syllogistically expressed, although there has been no syllogistic process, therefore it is neither this nor that, so it must be this or that ; and similarly in rhetorical arguments a concise and antithetical statement is supposed to be an enthymeme; for such a style appears to contain a real enthymeme. This fallacy appears to be the result of the form of expression. For the purpose of using the diction to create an impression of syllogistic reasoning it is useful to state the heads of several syllogisms: He saved some, avenged others, and freed the Greeks ; for each of these propositions has been proved by others, but their union appears to furnish a fresh conclusion. The second kind of fallacy of diction is homonymy. For instance, if one were to say that the mouse is an important animal, since from it is derived the most honored of all religious festivals, namely, the mysteries ; or if, in praising the dog, one were to include the dog in heaven (Sirius), or Pan, because Pindar said, O blessed one, whom the Olympians call dog of the Great Mother, taking every form, or were to say that the dog is an honorable animal, since to be without a dog is most dishonorable. And to say that Hermes is the most sociable of the gods, because he alone is called common; and that words are most excellent, since good men are considered worthy, not of riches but of consideration; for λόγου ἄξιος has a double meaning.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-13
Parmi les lieux des enthymèmes apparents, l’un relève de l’expression et comporte deux espèces. La première, comme en dialectique, consiste à terminer par une conclusion formulée syllogistiquement, bien qu’aucun raisonnement syllogistique n’ait eu lieu : « Ce n’est donc ni ceci ni cela ; ce doit par conséquent être ceci ou cela. » De même, dans les arguments rhétoriques, un énoncé concis et antithétique passe pour un enthymème, car un tel style semble contenir un véritable enthymème. Cette erreur paraît résulter de la forme de l’expression. Pour donner, par l’expression, une impression de raisonnement syllogistique, il est utile d’énoncer les conclusions principales de plusieurs syllogismes : « Il sauva les uns, vengea les autres et libéra les Grecs. » Chacune de ces propositions a été prouvée par d’autres arguments, mais leur réunion semble fournir une conclusion nouvelle. La seconde espèce d’erreur d’expression est l’homonymie. Par exemple, on pourrait dire que la souris est un animal important, puisque d’elle tire son nom la plus honorée de toutes les fêtes religieuses, à savoir les Mystères ; ou, en faisant l’éloge du chien, y inclure le Chien céleste, Sirius, ou Pan, parce que Pindare a dit : « Ô bienheureux, toi que les Olympiens appellent chien de la Grande Mère, toi qui prends toutes les formes » ; ou encore dire que le chien est un animal honorable, puisque être sans chien est suprêmement déshonorant. On dira aussi qu’Hermès est le plus sociable des dieux, parce que lui seul est appelé « commun » ; et que les paroles sont les biens les plus excellents, puisque les hommes de bien sont jugés dignes non de richesses, mais de considération, car λόγου ἄξιος a un double sens.
Concepts in this passage
Anger
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Aponia
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Care of the soul
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Dialectic
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Family
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Fear
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Freedom
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God
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Impressions and assent
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Justice
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Philosophical eros
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Political union
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Poverty and wealth
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Reason
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Rhetoric
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Roles and relationships
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Salvation
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Sin
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