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Aristotle
Rhetoric Section 9
Section 787 of 882
Canonical reference 3.16.9
Ancient Greek
ἄλλα δʼ ἠθικὰ τὰ ἑπόμενα ἑκάστῳ ἤθει, οἷον ὅτι ἅμα λέγων ἐβάδιζεν· δηλοῖ γὰρ θρασύτητα καὶ ἀγροικίαν ἤθους. καὶ μὴ ὡς ἀπὸ διανοίας λέγειν, ὥσπερ οἱ νῦν, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἀπὸ προαιρέσεως· ἐγὼ δὲ ἐβουλόμην· καὶ προειλόμην γὰρ τοῦτο· ἀλλʼ εἰ μὴ ὠνήμην, βέλτιον · τὸ μὲν γὰρ φρονίμου τὸ δὲ ἀγαθοῦ· φρονίμου μὲν γὰρ ἐν τῷ τὸ ὠφέλιμον διώκειν, ἀγαθοῦ δʼ ἐν τῷ τὸ καλόν. ἂν δʼ ἄπιστον ᾖ, τότε τὴν αἰτίαν ἐπιλέγειν, ὥσπερ Σοφοκλῆς ποιεῖ· παράδειγμα τὸ ἐκ τῆς Ἀντιγόνης, ὅτι μᾶλλον τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ ἐκήδετο ἢ ἀνδρὸς ἢ τέκνων· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἂν γενέσθαι ἀπολομένων, μητρὸς δʼ ἐν Ἅιδου καὶ πατρὸς βεβηκότων οὐκ ἔστʼ ἀδελφὸς ὅς τις ἂν βλάστοι ποτέ. Soph. Ant. 911-912 ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἔχῃς αἰτίαν, ἀλλʼ ὅτι οὐκ ἀγνοεῖς ἄπιστα λέγων, ἀλλὰ φύσει τοιοῦτος εἶ· ἀπιστοῦσι γὰρ ἄλλο τι πράττειν ἑκόντα πλὴν τὸ συμφέρον.
English
J. H. Freese, 1926
Other ethical indications are the accompanying peculiarities of each individual character; for instance, He was talking and walking on at the same time, which indicates effrontery and boorishness. Nor should we speak as if from the intellect, after the manner of present-day orators; but from moral purpose: But I wished it, and I preferred it; and even if I profited nothing, it is better. The first statement indicates prudence, the second virtue; for prudence consists in the pursuit of what is useful, virtue in that of what is honorable. If anything of the kind seems incredible, then the reason must be added; of this Sophocles gives an example, where his Antigone says that she cared more for her brother than for her husband or children; for the latter can be replaced after they are gone, but when father and mother are in the grave, no brother can ever be born. If you have no reason, you should at least say that you are aware that what you assert is incredible, but that it is your nature; for no one believes that a man ever does anything of his own free will except from motives of self-interest.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-13
D'autres indications éthiques sont les particularités qui accompagnent chaque caractère individuel. Par exemple : « Il parlait tout en continuant de marcher », ce qui indique l'effronterie et la grossièreté. Nous ne devons pas non plus parler comme si nous partions de l'intellect, à la manière des orateurs actuels, mais à partir du dessein moral : « Mais je le voulais et je l'ai préféré ; et même si je n'en ai tiré aucun profit, cela vaut mieux. » La première affirmation indique la prudence, la seconde la vertu, car la prudence consiste à poursuivre ce qui est utile, et la vertu ce qui est honorable. Si une chose de ce genre paraît incroyable, il faut en ajouter la raison. Sophocle en donne un exemple lorsque son Antigone dit qu'elle se souciait davantage de son frère que de son mari ou de ses enfants : ceux-ci peuvent être remplacés après leur disparition, mais, quand le père et la mère sont dans la tombe, aucun frère ne peut plus jamais naître. Si vous n'avez aucune raison à donner, vous devez au moins dire que vous savez combien votre affirmation est incroyable, mais que telle est votre nature. Car personne ne croit qu'un homme fasse jamais quoi que ce soit de son plein gré, sinon pour des motifs d'intérêt personnel.
Concepts in this passage
Anger
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Care of the soul
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Ether and field
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Faith
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Family
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Fear
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Freedom
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Justice
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Nature
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Moral choice
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Reason
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Rhetoric
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Roles and relationships
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Time
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Virtue
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War and peace
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Wisdom
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