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Aristotle
Rhetoric Section 1
Section 788 of 882
Canonical reference 3.17.1
Ancient Greek
τὰς δὲ πίστεις δεῖ ἀποδεικτικὰς εἶναι· ἀποδεικνύναι δὲ χρή, ἐπεί περ τεττάρων ἡ ἀμφισβήτησις, περὶ τοῦ ἀμφισβητουμένου φέροντα τὴν ἀπόδειξιν, οἷον, εἰ ὅτι οὐ γέγονεν ἀμφισβητεῖται, ἐν τῇ κρίσει δεῖ τούτου μάλιστα τὴν ἀπόδειξιν φέρειν, εἰ δʼ ὅτι οὐκ ἔβλαψεν, τούτου, καὶ ὅτι οὐ τοσόνδε ἢ ὅτι δικαίως, ὡσαύτως καὶ εἰ περὶ τοῦ γενέσθαι τοῦτο ἡ ἀμφισβήτησις.
English
J. H. Freese, 1926
Proofs should be demonstrative, and as the disputed points are four, the demonstration should bear upon the particular point disputed; for instance, if the fact is disputed, proof of this must be brought at the trial before anything else; or if it is maintained that no injury has been done; or that the act was not so important as asserted; or was just, then this must be proved, the three last questions being matters of dispute just as the question of fact.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-13
Les preuves doivent être démonstratives et, puisque les points contestés sont au nombre de quatre, la démonstration doit porter sur le point particulier qui fait l'objet du litige. Par exemple, si le fait est contesté, il faut en apporter la preuve au procès avant toute autre chose. Si l'on soutient qu'aucun dommage n'a été causé, que l'acte n'a pas eu l'importance alléguée ou qu'il était juste, c'est cela qu'il faut prouver, car les trois dernières questions sont des objets de contestation au même titre que la question de fait.
Concepts in this passage
Anger
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Fear
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Justice
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Messiah
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Reason
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Rhetoric
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