Potentially copyrighted passage
By consulting this text, you confirm that you may use it for personal and educational purposes. Do not reproduce its content. If the book helps you, buy it to support the author or rights holders.
John Locke
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Section S3
Section 523 of 1,114
Canonical reference B2.C28.S3
English
Project Gutenberg transcription of Locke author text
Thirdly, Sometimes the foundation of considering things with reference to one another, is some act whereby any one comes by a moral right, power, or obligation to do something. Thus, a general is one that hath power to command an army, and an army under a general is a collection of armed men obliged to obey one man. A citizen, or a burgher, is one who has a right to certain privileges in this or that place. All this sort depending upon men’s wills, or agreement in society, I call INSTITUTED, or VOLUNTARY; and may be distinguished from the natural, in that they are most, if not all of them, some way or other alterable, and separable from the persons to whom they have sometimes belonged, though neither of the substances, so related, be destroyed. Now, though these are all reciprocal, as well as the rest, and contain in them a reference of two things one to the other; yet, because one of the two things often wants a relative name, importing that reference, men usually take no notice of it, and the relation is commonly overlooked: v. g. a patron and client are easily allowed to be relations, but a constable or dictator are not so readily at first hearing considered as such. Because there is no peculiar name for those who are under the command of a dictator or constable, expressing a relation to either of them; though it be certain that either of them hath a certain power over some others, and so is so far related to them, as well as a patron is to his client, or general to his army.
French
Pierre Coste · Pierre Mortier, Amsterdam, 1735, third edition
En troiſiéme lieu, le fondement ſur lequel on conſidere quelquefois les choſes, l’une par rapport à l’autre, c’eſt un certain acte par lequel on vient à faire quelque choſe en vertu d’un droit moral, d’un certain pouvoir, ou d’une obligation particuliere. Ainſi un Général eſt celui qui a le pouvoir de commander une Armée ; & une Armée qui eſt ſous le commandement d’un Général, eſt un amas d’hommes armez, obligez d’obéïr à un ſeul homme. Un Citoyen ou un Bourgeois eſt celui qui a droit à certains privileges dans tel ou tel Lieu. Toutes ces ſortes de Relations qui dépendent de la volonté des hommes ou des accords qu’ils ont fait entr’eux, je les appelle Rapports d’inſtitution ou volontaires ; & l’on peut les diſtinguer des Relations naturelles en ce que la plûpart, pour ne pas dire toutes, peuvent être alterées d’une maniére ou d’autre, & ſeparées des perſonnes à qui elles ont appartenu quelquefois ; ſans que pourtant aucune des Subſtances qui ſont le ſujet de la Relation vienne à être détruite. Mais quoi qu’elles ſoient toutes réciproques auſſi bien que les autres, & qu’elles renferment un rapport de deux choſes, l’une à l’autre : cependant parce que ſouvent l’une des deux n’a point de nom relatif qui emporte cette mutuelle correſpondance, les hommes n’en prennent pour l’ordinaire aucune connoiſſance, & ne penſent point à la Relation qu’elles renferment effectivement. Par exemple, on reconnoit ſans peine que les termes de Patron & de Client ſont relatifs : mais dès qu’on entend ceux de Dictateur ou de Chancelier, on ne ſe les figure pas ſi promptement ſous cette idée ; parce qu’il n’y a point de nom particulier pour déſigner ceux qui ſont ſous le commandement d’un Dictateur ou d’un Chancelier, & qui exprime un rapport à ces ſortes de Magiſtrats ; quoi qu’il ſoit indubitable que l’un & l’autre ont certain pouvoir ſur quelques perſonnes par où ils ont relation avec ces Perſonnes, tout auſſi bien qu’un Patron avec ſon client, ou un Général avec ſon Armée.
Concepts in this passage
Care of the soul
View detailed page
Filter the library
Degrees of knowledge and probability
View detailed page
Filter the library
Faith
View detailed page
Filter the library
Family
View detailed page
Filter the library
Ideas from sensation and reflection
View detailed page
Filter the library
Impressions and assent
View detailed page
Filter the library
Knowledge
View detailed page
Filter the library
Law
View detailed page
Filter the library
Messiah
View detailed page
Filter the library
Nature
View detailed page
Filter the library
Nominal and real essence
View detailed page
Filter the library
Parable and reversal
View detailed page
Filter the library
Personal identity and consciousness
View detailed page
Filter the library
Primary and secondary qualities
View detailed page
Filter the library
Reason
View detailed page
Filter the library
Roles and relationships
View detailed page
Filter the library
Simple and complex ideas
View detailed page
Filter the library
Sin
View detailed page
Filter the library
Substance
View detailed page
Filter the library
Time
View detailed page
Filter the library
Virtue
View detailed page
Filter the library
War and peace
View detailed page
Filter the library