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John Locke
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Section S10
Section 1,102 of 1,114
Canonical reference B4.C20.S10
English
Project Gutenberg transcription of Locke author text
This opinion of his principles (let them be what they will) being once established in any one's mind, it is easy to be imagined what reception any proposition shall find, how clearly soever proved, that shall invalidate their authority, or at all thwart with these internal oracles; whereas the grossest absurdities and improbabilities, being but agreeable to such principles, go down glibly, and are easily digested. The great obstinacy that is to be found in men firmly believing quite contrary opinions, though many times equally absurd, in the various religions of mankind, are as evident a proof as they are an unavoidable consequence of this way of reasoning from received traditional principles. So that men will disbelieve their own eyes, renounce the evidence of their senses, and give their own experience the lie, rather than admit of anything disagreeing with these sacred tenets. Take an intelligent Romanist that, from the first dawning of any notions in his understanding, hath had this principle constantly inculcated, viz. that he must believe as the church (i.e. those of his communion) believes, or that the pope is infallible, and this he never so much as heard questioned, till at forty or fifty years old he met with one of other principles: how is he prepared easily to swallow, not only against all probability, but even the clear evidence of his senses, the doctrine of TRANSUBSTANTIATION? This principle has such an influence on his mind, that he will believe that to be flesh which he sees to be bread. And what way will you take to convince a man of any improbable opinion he holds, who, with some philosophers, hath laid down this as a foundation of reasoning, That he must believe his reason (for so men improperly call arguments drawn from their principles) against his senses? Let an enthusiast be principled that he or his teacher is inspired, and acted by an immediate communication of the Divine Spirit, and you in vain bring the evidence of clear reasons against his doctrine. Whoever, therefore, have imbibed wrong principles, are not, in things inconsistent with these principles, to be moved by the most apparent and convincing probabilities, till they are so candid and ingenuous to themselves, as to be persuaded to examine even those very principles, which many never suffer themselves to do.
French
Pierre Coste · Pierre Mortier, Amsterdam, 1735, third edition
Cette opinion qu’un homme a conçu de ce qu’il appelle ſes principes (quoi qu’ils puiſſent être) étant une fois établie dans ſon Eſprit, il eſt aiſé de ſe figurer comment il recevra une Propoſition, prouvée auſſi clairement qu’il eſt poſſible, ſi elle tend à affoiblir l’autorité de ces Oracles internes, ou qu’elle leur ſoit tant ſoit peu contraire ; tandis qu’il digere ſans peine les choſes les moins probables & les abſurditez les plus groſſiéres, pourvû qu’elles s’accordent avec ces Principes favoris. L’extrême obſtination qu’on remarque dans les hommes à croire fortement des opinions directement oppoſées, quoi que fort ſouvent également abſurdes, parmi les différentes Religions qui partagent le Genre Humain ; cette obſtination, dis-je, eſt une preuve évidente auſſi bien qu’une conſéquence inévitable de cette maniére de raiſonner ſur des Principes reçus par tradition ; juſque-là que les hommes viennent à desavoûër leurs propres yeux, à renoncer à l’évidence de leurs Sens, & à donner un démenti à leur propre Expérience, plûtôt que d’admettre quoi que ce ſoit d’incompatible avec ces ſacrez dogmes. Prenez un Lutherien de bon ſens à qui l’on aît conſtamment inculqué ce Principe, (dès que ſon Entendement a commencé de recevoir quelques notions) Qu’il doit croire ce que croyent ceux de ſa Communion, de ſorte qu’il n’ait jamais entendu mettre en queſtion ce Principe, juſqu’à ce que parvenu à l’âge de quarante ou cinquante ans, il trouve quelqu’un qui ait des Principes tout différens ; quelle dispoſition n’a-t-il pas à recevoir ſans peine la Doctrine de la Conſubſtantiation, non ſeulement contre toute probabilité, mais même contre l’évidence manifeſte de ſes propres Sens ? Ce Principe a une telle influence ſur ſon Eſprit qu’il croira qu’une choſe eſt Chair & Pain tout à la fois, quoi qu’il ſoit impoſſible qu’elle ſoit autre choſe que l’un des deux : & quel chemin prendrez-vous pour convaincre un homme de l’abſurdité d’une opinion qu’il s’eſt mis en tête de ſoûtenir, s’il a poſé pour Principe de Raiſonnement, avec quelques Philoſophes, Qu’il doit croire ſa Raiſon (car c’eſt ainſi que les hommes appellent improprement les Argumens qui découlent de leurs Principes) contre le témoignage des Sens. Qu’un Fanatique prenne pour Principe que lui ou ſon Docteur eſt inſpiré & conduit par une direction immédiate du Saint-Eſprit ; c’eſt en vain que vous attaquez ſes Dogmes par les raiſons les plus évidentes. Et par conſéquent tous ceux qui ont été imbus de faux Principes ne peuvent être touchez des Probabilitez les plus apparentes & les plus convaincantes, dans des choſes qui ſont incompatibles avec ces Principes, juſqu’à ce qu’ils en ſoient venus à agir avec eux-mêmes avec une candeur & une ingenuité qui les porte à examiner ces ſortes de Principes, ce que pluſieurs ne ſe permettent jamais.
Concepts in this passage
Anger
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Community
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Degrees of knowledge and probability
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Elenchus
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Ether and field
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Faith
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Family
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Holiness
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Ideas from sensation and reflection
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Knowledge
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Nominal and real essence
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Personal identity and consciousness
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Political union
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Primary and secondary qualities
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Probable judgment
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Reason
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Roles and relationships
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Simple and complex ideas
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Spirit
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Substance
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Suffering
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Time
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War and peace
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