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John Locke
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Section S13
Section 927 of 1,114
Canonical reference B4.C6.S13
French
Pierre Coste · Pierre Mortier, Amsterdam, 1735, third edition
Nous ne devons donc pas être ſurpris qu’on ne trouve de certitude que dans un très-petit nombre de Propoſitions générales qui regardent les Subſtances. La connoiſſance que nous avons de leurs Qualitez & de leurs Proprietez s’étend rarement au delà de ce que nos Sens peuvent nous apprendre. Peut-être que des gens curieux & appliquez à faire des Obſervations peuvent, par la force de leur Jugement, pénétrer plus avant, & par le moyen de quelques probabilitez déduites d’une obſervation exacte, & de quelques apparences réunies à propos, faire ſouvent de juſtes conjectures ſur ce que l’Expérience ne leur a pas encore découvert. Mais ce n’eſt toûjours que conjecturer, ce qui ne produit qu’une ſimple opinion, & n’eſt nullement accompagné de la certitude néceſſaire à une vraye connoiſſance ; car toute notre Connoiſſance générale eſt uniquement renfermée dans nos propres penſées, & ne conſiſte que dans la contemplation de nos propres Idées abſtraites. Par-tout où nous appercevons quelque convenance ou quelque diſconvenance entr’elles, nous y avons une connoiſſance générale ; de ſorte que formant des Propoſitions, ou joignant comme il faut les noms de ces Idées, nous pouvons prononcer des véritez générales avec certitude. Mais parce que dans les Idées abſtraites des Subſtances que leurs noms ſpécifiques ſignifient, lorſqu’ils ont une ſignification diſtincte & déterminée, on n’y peut découvrir de liaiſon ou d’incompatibilité qu’avec fort peu d’autres Idées ; la certitude des Propoſitions univerſelles qu’on peut faire ſur les Subſtances, eſt extrêmement bornée ſur leur ſujet ; & parmi les noms des Subſtances à peine y en a-t-il un ſeul (que l’idée qu’on lui attache ſoit ce qu’on voudra) dont nous puiſſions dire généralement & avec certitude qu’il renferme telle ou telle autre Qualité qui ait une coëxiſtence ou une incompatiblité conſtante avec cette Idée par-tout où elle ſe rencontre.
English AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-30
We should not, therefore, be surprised that certainty is found only in a very small number of general Propositions concerning Substances. Our knowledge of their Qualities and Properties seldom extends beyond what our Senses can teach us. Perhaps inquisitive people who diligently make Observations may, by the strength of their Judgment, penetrate farther and, by means of certain probabilities deduced from exact observation and certain appearances appropriately combined, often make sound conjectures about what Experience has not yet disclosed to them. But this is still only conjecture, which produces mere opinion and is in no way accompanied by the certainty necessary for true knowledge. For all our general Knowledge is contained solely within our own thoughts and consists only in the contemplation of our own abstract Ideas. Wherever we perceive any agreement or disagreement among them, we have general knowledge. Thus, by forming Propositions, or properly joining the names of these Ideas, we can pronounce general truths with certainty. But because, in the abstract Ideas of Substances signified by their specific names when those names have a distinct and determinate meaning, connection or incompatibility can be discovered with very few other Ideas, the certainty of universal Propositions that can be made concerning Substances is extremely limited. And among the names of Substances there is scarcely a single one, whatever the idea attached to it may be, of which we can say generally and with certainty that it includes this or that other Quality which has a constant coexistence or incompatibility with that Idea wherever it is found.
Concepts in this passage
Moral decorum
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Degrees of knowledge and probability
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Education
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Family
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Force
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Ideas from sensation and reflection
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Impressions and assent
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Judgment
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Justice
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Knowledge
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Nominal and real essence
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Personal identity and consciousness
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Primary and secondary qualities
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Reason
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Simple and complex ideas
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Substance
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Suffering
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Truth
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