Letters Attributed to Plato Passage 336

Δίωνα γὰρ ἐγὼ σαφῶς οἶδα, ὡς οἷόν τε περὶ ἀνθρώπων ἄνθρωπον διισχυρίζεσθαι, ὅτι, τὴν ἀρχὴν εἰ κατέσχεν, ὡς οὐκ ἄν ποτε ἐπʼ ἄλλο γε σχῆμα ἀρχῆς ἐτράπετο ἢ ἐπὶ τὸ Συρακούσας μὲν πρῶτον, τὴν πατρίδα τὴν ἑαυτοῦ, ἐπεὶ τὴν δουλείαν αὐτῆς ἀπήλλαξεν φαιδρύνας ἐλευθέρας δʼ ἐν σχήματι κατέστησεν, τὸ μετὰ τοῦτʼ ἂν πάσῃ μηχανῇ ἐκόσμησεν νόμοις τοῖς προσήκουσίν τε καὶ ἀρίστοις τοὺς πολίτας, τό τε ἐφεξῆς τούτοις προυθυμεῖτʼ ἂν πρᾶξαι, πᾶσαν Σικελίαν κατοικίζειν καὶ ἐλευθέραν ἀπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ποιεῖν, τοὺς μὲν ἐκβάλλων, τοὺς δὲ χειρούμενος ῥᾷον Ἱέρωνος· τούτων δʼ αὖ γενομένων διʼ ἀνδρὸς δικαίου τε καὶ ἀνδρείου καὶ σώφρονος καὶ φιλοσόφου, τὴν αὐτὴν ἀρετῆς ἂν πέρι γενέσθαι δόξαν τοῖς πολλοῖς, ἥπερ ἄν, εἰ Διονύσιος ἐπείσθη, παρὰ πᾶσιν ἂν ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ἀνθρώποις ἀπέσωσεν γενομένη. νῦν δὲ ἤ πού τις δαίμων ἤ τις ἀλιτήριος ἐμπεσὼν ἀνομίᾳ καὶ ἀθεότητι καὶ τὸ μέγιστον τόλμαις ἀμαθίας, ἐξ ἧς πάντα κακὰ πᾶσιν ἐρρίζωται καὶ βλαστάνει καὶ εἰς ὕστερον ἀποτελεῖ καρπὸν τοῖς γεννήσασιν πικρότατον, αὕτη πάντα τὸ δεύτερον ἀνέτρεψέν τε καὶ ἀπώλεσεν. νῦν δὲ δὴ εὐφημῶμεν χάριν οἰωνοῦ τὸ τρίτον. ὅμως δὲ μιμεῖσθαι μὲν συμβουλεύω Δίωνα ὑμῖν τοῖς φίλοις τήν τε τῆς πατρίδος εὔνοιαν καὶ τὴν τῆς τροφῆς σώφρονα δίαιταν, ἐπὶ λῳόνων δὲ ὀρνίθων τὰς ἐκείνου βουλήσεις πειρᾶσθαι ἀποτελεῖν - αἳ δὲ ἦσαν, ἀκηκόατε παρʼ ἐμοῦ σαφῶς - τὸν δὲ μὴ δυνάμενον ὑμῶν Δωριστὶ ζῆν κατὰ τὰ πάτρια, διώκοντα δὲ τόν τε τῶν Δίωνος σφαγέων καὶ τὸν Σικελικὸν βίον, μήτε παρακαλεῖν μήτε οἴεσθαι πιστὸν ἄν τι καὶ ὑγιὲς πρᾶξαί ποτε, τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους παρακαλεῖν ἐπὶ πάσης Σικελίας κατοικισμόν τε καὶ ἰσονομίαν ἔκ τε αὐτῆς Σικελίας καὶ ἐκ Πελοποννήσου συμπάσης, φοβεῖσθαι δὲ μηδὲ Ἀθήνας· εἰσὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐκεῖ πάντων ἀνθρώπων διαφέροντες πρὸς ἀρετήν, ξενοφόνων τε ἀνδρῶν μισοῦντες τόλμας. εἰ δʼ οὖν ταῦτα μὲν ὕστερα γένοιτʼ ἄν, κατεπείγουσιν δὲ ὑμᾶς αἱ τῶν στάσεων πολλαὶ καὶ παντοδαπαὶ φυόμεναι ἑκάστης ἡμέρας διαφοραί, εἰδέναι μέν που χρὴ πάντα τινὰ ἄνδρα, ᾧ καὶ βραχὺ δόξης ὀρθῆς μετέδωκεν θεία τις τύχη, ὡς οὐκ ἔστιν παῦλα κακῶν τοῖς στασιάσασιν, πρὶν ἂν οἱ κρατήσαντες μάχαις καὶ ἐκβολαῖς ἀνθρώπων καὶ σφαγαῖς μνησικακοῦντες καὶ ἐπὶ τιμωρίας παύσωνται τρεπόμενοι τῶν ἐχθρῶν,

For as to Dion , I know clearly - in so far as it is possible for a man to speak with assurance about men - that, if he had gained possession of the kingdom, he would never have adopted for his rule any other principle than this when he had first brought gladness to Syracuse , his own fatherland, by delivering her from bondage, and had established her in a position of freedom, he would have endeavored next, by every possible means, to set the citizens in order by suitable laws of the best kind; and as the next step after this, he would have done his utmost to colonize the whole of Sicily and to make it free from the barbarians, by driving out some of them and subduing others more easily than did Hiero. And if all this had been done by a man who was just and courageous and temperate and wisdom-loving, the most of men would have formed the same opinion of virtue which would have prevailed, one may say, throughout the whole world, if Dionysius had been persuaded by me, and which would have saved all. But as it is, the onset of some deity or some avenging spirit, by means of lawlessness and godlessness and, above all, by the rash acts of ignorance - that ignorance which is the root whence all evils for all men spring and which will bear hereafter most bitter fruit for those who have planted it - this it is which for the second time has wrecked and ruined all. But now, for the third time, let us speak good words, for the omen’s sake. Nevertheless, I counsel you, his friends, to imitate Dion in his devotion to his fatherland and in his temperate mode of life; and to endeavor to carry out his designs, though under better auspices; and what those designs were you have learnt from me clearly. But if any amongst you is unable to live in the Dorian fashion of his forefathers and follows after the Sicilian way of life and that of Dion ’s murderers, him you should neither call to your aid nor imagine that he could ever perform a loyal or sound action; but all others you should call to aid you in repeopling all Sicily and giving it equal laws, calling them both from Sicily itself and from the whole of the Peloponnese , not fearing even Athens itself; for there too there are those who surpass all men in virtue, and who detest the enormities of men who slay their hosts. But - though these results may come about later, - if for the present you are beset by the constant quarrels of every kind which spring up daily between the factions, then every single man on whom the grace of Heaven has bestowed even a small measure of right opinion must surely be aware that there is no cessation of evils for the warring factions until those who have won the mastery cease from perpetuating feuds by assaults and expulsions and executions, and cease from seeking to wreak vengeance on their foes;

[336a] forme de gouvernement que celle qu’il donna à Syracuse lorsqu’après l’avoir délivrée de la servitude, il l’établit, dans la splendeur d’un gouvernement libéral. Ensuite il aurait mis tous ses soins à lui donner une législation sage et appropriée aux besoins de ses habitants, à repeupler la Sicile, et à l’affranchir du joug des Barbares en chassant les uns et en soumettant les autres bien plus aisément que Hiéron ne l’avait fait. Si ces desseins avaient été réalisés par un homme juste, [336b] brave, tempérant, philosophe, la vertu aurait obtenu auprès du peuple la même estime qu’elle aurait acquise dans le genre humain tout entier, si Denys avait été docile à nos conseils. Mais une divinité funeste ou quelque homme pervers l’empêcha par son injustice, par son impiété, et surtout par la témérité de l’ignorance, germe et racine de tous les maux pour tous les hommes, et qui porte les fruits les plus amers à ceux qui la cultivent ; oui, c’est elle qui a tout détruit et ruiné [336c] pour la seconde fois. Mais cette troisième fois, n’ayons que de bonnes paroles pour que les augures soient favorables. Je ne laisse pourtant pas de vous conseiller, à vous qui fûtes les amis de Dion, d’imiter son amour pour sa patrie et sa tempérance habituelle, et d’exécuter ses volontés comme si c’étaient celles des oracles. Vous les connaissez : je vous les ai clairement expliquées. S’il en est parmi vous qui n’ont pas la force de vivre à la mode dorienne [336d] de leurs pères, et qui veulent conserver les mœurs des Siciliens et des meurtriers de Dion, il faut ne les point recevoir et n’attendre d’eux ni aucune bonne action ni fidélité ; mais engagez tous les autres, tant Siciliens que Péloponnésiens, à peupler la Sicile entière et à y établir l’égalité des lois. Ne craignez rien d’Athènes ; car dans son sein il y a des hommes qui chérissent la vertu et détestent les forfaits de ceux qui assassinent un hôte. Mais s’il est trop tard, si les séditions renouvelées [336e] chaque jour vous environnent, tout homme à qui les dieux ont accordé quelque bon sens comprend qu’un peuple déchiré par les divisions ne saurait voir la fin de ses malheurs avant que le paru qui doit sa victoire aux combats, aux exils,