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Plato

Letters Attributed to Plato Passage 337

Passage 29 of 55

Canonical reference 337

Ancient Greek

perseus-plato-epistles-grc

ἐγκρατεῖς δὲ ὄντες αὑτῶν, θέμενοι νόμους κοινοὺς μηδὲν μᾶλλον πρὸς ἡδονὴν αὑτοῖς ἢ τοῖς ἡττηθεῖσιν κειμένους, ἀναγκάσωσιν αὐτοὺς χρῆσθαι τοῖς νόμοις διτταῖς οὔσαις ἀνάγκαις, αἰδοῖ καὶ φόβῳ, φόβῳ μὲν διὰ τὸ κρείττους αὐτῶν εἶναι δεικνύντες τὴν βίαν, αἰδοῖ δὲ αὖ διὰ τὸ κρείττους φαίνεσθαι περί τε τὰς ἡδονὰς καὶ τοῖς νόμοις μᾶλλον ἐθέλοντές τε καὶ δυνάμενοι δουλεύειν. ἄλλως δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν ὡς ἄν ποτε κακῶν λήξαι πόλις ἐν αὑτῇ στασιάσασα, ἀλλὰ στάσεις καὶ ἔχθραι καὶ μίση καὶ ἀπιστίαι ταῖς οὕτω διατεθείσαις πόλεσιν αὐταῖς πρὸς αὑτὰς ἀεὶ γίγνεσθαι φιλεῖ. τοὺς δὴ κρατήσαντας ἀεὶ χρή, ὅτανπερ ἐπιθυμήσωσιν σωτηρίας, αὐτοὺς ἐν αὑτοῖς ἄνδρας προκρῖναι τῶν Ἑλλήνων οὓς ἂν πυνθάνωνται ἀρίστους ὄντας, πρῶτον μὲν γέροντας, καὶ παῖδας καὶ γυναῖκας κεκτημένους οἴκοι καὶ προγόνους αὑτῶν ὅτι μάλιστα πολλούς τε καὶ ἀγαθοὺς καὶ ὀνομαστοὺς καὶ κτῆσιν κεκτημένους πάντας ἱκανήν - ἀριθμὸν δὲ εἶναι μυριάνδρῳ πόλει πεντήκοντα ἱκανοὶ τοιοῦτοι - τούτους δὴ δεήσεσιν καὶ τιμαῖς ὅτι μεγίσταις οἴκοθεν μεταπέμψασθαι, μεταπεμψαμένους δὲ ὀμόσαντας δεῖσθαι καὶ κελεύειν θεῖναι νόμους, μήτε νικήσασιν μήτε νικηθεῖσιν νέμειν πλέον, τὸ δὲ ἴσον καὶ κοινὸν πάσῃ τῇ πόλει. τεθέντων δὲ τῶν νόμων ἐν τούτῳ δὴ τὰ πάντα ἐστίν. ἂν μὲν γὰρ οἱ νενικηκότες ἥττους αὑτοὺς τῶν νόμων μᾶλλον τῶν νενικημένων παρέχωνται, πάντʼ ἔσται σωτηρίας τε καὶ εὐδαιμονίας μεστὰ καὶ πάντων κακῶν ἀποφυγή· εἰ δὲ μή, μήτʼ ἐμὲ μήτʼ ἄλλον κοινωνὸν παρακαλεῖν ἐπὶ τὸν μὴ πειθόμενον τοῖς νῦν ἐπεσταλμένοις. ταῦτα γάρ ἐστιν ἀδελφὰ ὧν τε δίων ὧν τʼ ἐγὼ ἐπεχειρήσαμεν Συρακούσαις εὖ φρονοῦντες συμπρᾶξαι, δεύτερα μήν· πρῶτα δʼ ἦν ἃ τὸ πρῶτον ἐπεχειρήθη μετʼ αὐτοῦ Διονυσίου πραχθῆναι πᾶσιν κοινὰ ἀγαθά, τύχη δέ τις ἀνθρώπων κρείττων διεφόρησεν. τὰ δὲ νῦν ὑμεῖς πειρᾶσθε εὐτυχέστερον αὐτὰ ἀγαθῇ πρᾶξαι μοίρᾳ καὶ θείᾳ τινὶ τύχῃ. συμβουλὴ μὲν δὴ καὶ ἐπιστολὴ εἰρήσθω καὶ ἡ παρὰ Διονύσιον ἐμὴ προτέρα ἄφιξις· ἡ δὲ δὴ ὑστέρα πορεία τε καὶ πλοῦς ὡς εἰκότως τε ἅμα καὶ ἐμμελῶς γέγονεν, ᾧ μέλει ἀκούειν ἔξεστι τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο.

English

Benjamin Jowett · perseus-plato-epistles-en

and, exercising mastery over themselves, lay down impartial laws which are framed to satisfy the vanquished no less than themselves; and compel the vanquished to make use of these laws by means of two compelling forces, namely, Reverence and Fear - Fear, inasmuch as they make it plain that they are superior to them in force; and Reverence, because they show themselves superior both in their attitude to pleasures and in their greater readiness and ability to subject themselves to the laws. In no other way is it possible for a city at strife within itself to cease from evils, but strife and enmity and hatred and suspicion are wont to keep for ever recurring in cities when their inner state is of this kind. Now those who have gained the mastery, whenever they become desirous of safety, ought always to choose out among themselves such men of Greek origin as they know by inquiry to be most excellent - men who are, in the first place, old, and who have wives and children at home, and forefathers as numerous and good and famous as possible, and who are all in the possession of ample property; and for a city of ten thousand citizens, fifty such men would be a sufficient number These men they should fetch from their homes by means of entreaties and the greatest possible honors; and when they have fetched them they should entreat and enjoin them to frame laws, under oath that they will give no advantage either to conquerors or conquered, but equal rights in common to the whole city. And when the laws have been laid down, then everything depends on the following condition. On the one hand, if the victors prove themselves subservient to the laws more than the vanquished, then all things will abound in safety and happiness, and all evils will be avoided; but should it prove otherwise, neither I nor anyone else should be called in to take part in helping the man who refuses to obey our present injunctions. For this course of action is closely akin to that which Dion and I together, in our plans for the welfare of Syracuse , attempted to carry out, although it is but the second-best ; for the first was that which we first attempted to carry out with the aid of Dionysius himself - a plan which would have benefited all alike, had it not been that some Chance, mightier than men, scattered it to the winds. Now, however, it is for you to endeavor to carry out our policy with happier results by the aid of Heaven’s blessing and divine good-fortune. Let this, then, suffice as my counsel and my charge, and the story of my former visit to the court of Dionysius. In the next place, he that cares to listen may hear the story of my later journey by sea, and how naturally and reasonably it came about.

French

Victor Cousin · wikisource-cousin-epistles-fr-01

[337a] aux sanglantes représailles, ne cesse ses vengeances, et, devenant maître de lui-même, ne donne des lois communes, également avantageuses aux vainqueurs et aux vaincus, et ne force tout le monde à les suivre par deux puissants moyens, la crainte et le respect : la crainte, en faisant sentir le pouvoir qu’il a conquis ; le respect, en montrant aussi de l’empire sur ses passions, ainsi que la volonté et la puissance d’observer les lois. Autrement, il n’y a point d’issue possible aux maux [337b] d’un État divisé avec lui-même : les factions, les haines, les inimitiés, les défiances, s’y renouvellent sans cesse. Aussi faut-il toujours que les vainqueurs, s’ils ont quelque souci de leur propre salut, choisissent dans leurs rangs ceux qui ont la meilleure réputation, et d’abord des hommes âgés, mariés et pères de famille, qui aient un domicile, des ancêtres antiques et renommés, enfin une fortune honorable. [337c] Dans une ville de dix mille habitants, il suffira de cinquante citoyens de ce rang. Il faut les faire venir à force de prières et d’honneurs, puis les supplier et les contraindre même sous la garantie du serment à faire des lois qui établissent une égalité parfaite entre les citoyens, et ne favorisent pas plus les vainqueurs que les vaincus. Les lois une fois établies, voici de quoi tout dépend. Si les vainqueurs consentent à se soumettre aux lois [337d] plus volontiers même que les vaincus, le salut et le bonheur de l’État sont assurés et tous les maux vont cesser ; sinon il est inutile d’appeler ni moi ni qui que ce soit pour s’associer à ceux qui ne voudront pas suivre ce que j’ai dit. Ce plan ne s’éloigne guère de celui que, dans notre bonne volonté, nous avions entrepris, Dion et moi, d’exécuter à Syracuse : ce n’était pourtant que le second. Le premier consistait à tenter, au moyen de Denys même, tout le bien possible, mais la fortune, plus forte que les hommes, [337e] s’y est opposée ; tâchez à présent de mieux réussir, avec l’aide et la protection des dieux. Là finissent les conseils que j’ai à vous donner et la relation de mon premier voyage auprès de Denys. Maintenant je vais montrer à quiconque s’en inquiète que mon second voyage n’était ni téméraire ni imprudent. Les premiers temps de mon séjour

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