Potentially copyrighted passage
By consulting this text, you confirm that you may use it for personal and educational purposes. Do not reproduce its content. If the book helps you, buy it to support the author or rights holders.
Plutarch
On Common Conceptions against the Stoics Section 34
Section 34 of 50
Canonical reference 34
Ancient Greek
ΔΙΑΔΟΥΜ. οὐ μὴν ἐνταῦθα τὸ δεινότατόν ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ Μενάνδρῳ μὲν εἰπόντι θεατρικῶς ἀρχὴ μεγίστη τῶν ἐν ἀνθρώποις κακῶν τὰ λίαν ἀγαθὰ δυσκολαίνουσι. τοῦτο γὰρ εἶναι παρὰ τὴν ἔννοιαν αὐτοὶ δὲ τῶν κακῶν ἀρχὴν ἀγαθὸν ὄντα τὸν θεὸν ποιοῦσιν. οὐ γὰρ ἥ γʼ ὕλη τὸ κακὸν ἐξ ἑαυτῆς παρέσχηκεν ἄποιος γάρ ἐστι καὶ πάσας ὅσας δέχεται διαφορὰς ὑπὸ τοῦ κινοῦντος αὐτὴν καὶ σχηματίζοντος ἔσχε. κινεῖ δʼ αὐτὴν ὁ λόγος ἐνυπάρχων καὶ σχηματίζει, μήτε κινεῖν ἑαυτὴν μήτε σχηματίζειν πεφυκυῖαν. ὥστʼ ἀνάγκη τὸ κακόν, εἰ μὲν διʼ οὐδέν, ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος· εἰ δὲ διὰ τὴν κινοῦσαν ἀρχήν, ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ γεγονὸς ὑπάρχειν. καὶ γὰρ εἰ μὲν οἴονται τὸν Δία μὴ κρατεῖν τῶν ἑαυτοῦ μερῶν μηδὲ χρῆσθαι κατὰ τὸν αὑτοῦ λόγον ἑκάστῳ; παρὰ τὴν ἔννοιαν λέγουσι καὶ πλάττουσι ζῷον, οὗ πολλὰ τῶν μορίων ἐκφεύγει τὴν βούλησιν, ἰδίαις ἐνεργείαις χρώμενα καὶ πράξεσιν, αἷς τὸ ὅλον ὁρμὴν οὐ δίδωσιν οὐδὲ κατάρχει κινήσεως. οὕτω γὰρ κακῶς οὐδὲν συντέτακται τῶν ψυχὴν ἐχόντων, ὥστʼ ἀβουλοῦντος αὐτοῦ προϊέναι πόδας ἢ φθέγγεσθαι γλῶτταν ἢ κέρα κυρίττειν ἢ δάκνειν ὀδόντας· ὧν ἀνάγκη τὰ πλεῖστα πάσχειν τὸν θεόν, εἰ παρὰ τὴν βούλησιν αὐτοῦ μέρη ὄντες οἱ φαῦλοι ψεύδονται καὶ ῥᾳδιουργοῦσι καὶ τοιχωρυχοῦσι καὶ ἀποκτιννύουσιν ἀλλήλους. εἰ δέ, ὥς φησι Χρύσιππος, οὐδὲ τοὐλάχιστον ἔστι τῶν μερῶν ἔχειν ἄλλως ἀλλʼ ἢ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ Διὸς βούλησιν, ἀλλὰ πᾶν μὲν ἔμψυχον οὕτως ἴσχεσθαι καὶ οὕτω κινεῖσθαι πέφυκεν, ὡς ἐκεῖνος ἄγει κἀκεῖνος ἐπιστρέφει καὶ ἴσχει καὶ διατίθησιν ὅδʼ αὖτʼ ἐκείνου φθόγγος ἐξωλέστερος. ἑ μυριάκις γὰρ ἦν ἐπιεικέστερον ἀσθενείᾳ καὶ ἀδυναμίᾳ τοῦ Διὸς ἐκβιαζόμενα τὰ μέρη πολλὰ δρᾶν ἄτοπα παρὰ τὴν ἐκείνου φύσιν καὶ βούλησιν, ἢ μήτʼ ἀκρασίαν εἶναι μήτε κακουργίαν, ἧς οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ Ζεὺς αἴτιος. ἀλλὰ μὴν τόν γε κόσμον εἶναι πόλιν καὶ πολίτας τοὺς ἀστέρας, εἰ δὲ τοῦτο, καὶ φυλέτας καὶ ἄρχοντας δηλονότι καὶ βουλευτὴν τὸν ἥλιον καὶ τὸν ἕσπερον πρύτανιν ἢ ἀστυνόμον, οὐκ οἶδα μὴ τοὺς ἐλέγχοντας τὰ τοιαῦτα τῶν λεγόντων καὶ ἀποφαινομένων ἀποδείκνυσιν ἀτοπωτέρους.
English
Samuel White, 1874
DIADUMENUS. Nor is this the worst; but they are angry with Menander for saying upon the stage, The chief beginning of men’s miseries Are things exceeding good; for that this is against sense. And yet they make God, who is good, the beginning of evils. For matter, they say, produced not any evil of itself; for it is without quality, and whatever differences it has, it has received them all from that which moves and forms it. But that which moves and forms it is the reason dwelling in it, since it is not made to move and form itself. So that of necessity evil, if it come by nothing, must have been produced from that which has no being; but if by some moving principle, from God. But if they think that Jupiter has not the command of his parts nor uses every one of them according to his reason, they speak against common sense, and imagine an animal, many of whose parts are not subservient to his will but use their own operations and actions, to which the whole gives no incitation nor begins their motion. For there is nothing which has life so ill compacted as that, against its will, its feet shall go, its tongue speak, its horns push, or its teeth bite. The most of which things God must of necessity suffer, if the wicked, being parts of him, do against his will lie, cheat, rob, and murder one another. But if, as Chrysippus says, the very least part cannot possibly behave itself otherwise than according to Jupiter’s pleasure, and if every living thing is so framed by Nature as to rest and move according as he inclines it and as he turns, stays, and disposes it, This saying is more impious than the first. For it were more tolerable to say that many parts of Jupiter are, through his weakness and want of power, hurried on to do many absurd things against his nature and will, than that there is not any intemperance or wickedness of which Jupiter is not the cause. Moreover, since they affirm the world to be a city and the stars citizens, if this be so, there must be also tribes-men and magistrates, the sun must be some consul, and the evening star a praetor or mayor of a city. Now I know not whether any one that shall go about to confute such things will not show himself more absurd than those who assert and affirm them.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-13
DIADUMÈNE. Et ce n’est pas encore le pire. Ils s’irritent contre Ménandre pour avoir dit sur la scène:
Le principe premier des malheurs humains,
Ce sont les choses excessivement bonnes;
car cela serait contraire au bon sens. Pourtant, ils font de Dieu, qui est bon, le principe des maux. La matière, disent-ils, n’a produit par elle-même aucun mal, car elle est sans qualité, et toutes les différences qu’elle possède, elle les a reçues de ce qui la meut et la façonne. Or ce qui la meut et la façonne est la raison qui réside en elle, puisqu’elle n’est pas faite pour se mouvoir et se façonner elle-même. Ainsi, nécessairement, si le mal est venu de rien, il doit avoir été produit par ce qui n’a pas d’être; mais s’il est venu d’un principe moteur, il vient de Dieu. S’ils pensent que Jupiter ne commande pas à ses parties et n’emploie pas chacune d’elles conformément à sa raison, ils parlent contre le sens commun et imaginent un animal dont beaucoup de parties ne seraient pas soumises à sa volonté, mais exerceraient leurs propres opérations et actions, sans que le tout leur donne aucune impulsion ni commence leur mouvement. Car il n’existe aucun être vivant assez mal constitué pour que, contre sa volonté, ses pieds marchent, sa langue parle, ses cornes frappent ou ses dents mordent. Or Dieu doit nécessairement subir la plupart de ces choses si les méchants, étant ses parties, mentent, trompent, pillent et s’entretuent contre sa volonté. Mais si, comme le dit Chrysippe, la plus infime partie ne peut absolument pas se comporter autrement qu’au gré de Jupiter, et si tout être vivant est ainsi formé par la Nature qu’il demeure en repos ou se meuve selon que Jupiter l’incline, le tourne, l’arrête et le dispose,
Cette doctrine est plus impie que la première.
Car il serait plus supportable de dire que de nombreuses parties de Jupiter sont, par sa faiblesse et son impuissance, entraînées à accomplir contre sa nature et sa volonté de nombreuses actions absurdes, que de soutenir qu’il n’est aucune intempérance ni aucune méchanceté dont Jupiter ne soit la cause. En outre, puisqu’ils affirment que le monde est une cité et les astres ses citoyens, s’il en est ainsi, il doit aussi y avoir des membres des tribus et des magistrats; le soleil doit être une sorte de consul, et l’étoile du soir un préteur ou le maire d’une cité. Or je ne sais si quiconque entreprendra de réfuter de telles doctrines ne se montrera pas plus absurde que ceux qui les soutiennent et les affirment.
Concepts in this passage
Care of the soul
View detailed page
Filter the library
Critique of Stoicism
View detailed page
Filter the library
Elenchus
View detailed page
Filter the library
Ether and field
View detailed page
Filter the library
Family
View detailed page
Filter the library
Intelligible forms
View detailed page
Filter the library
God
View detailed page
Filter the library
Human wisdom
View detailed page
Filter the library
Logos of nature
View detailed page
Filter the library
Nature
View detailed page
Filter the library
Necessity
View detailed page
Filter the library
Philosophical eros
View detailed page
Filter the library
Pleasure
View detailed page
Filter the library
Reason
View detailed page
Filter the library
Self-governance
View detailed page
Filter the library
Sin
View detailed page
Filter the library
Virtue
View detailed page
Filter the library