On Benefits Chapter 4

Pateris," inquit, " nos aliquando beneficium non debere ei, a quo accepimus ; ergo ereptum est." Multa sunt, propter quae beneficium debere desinimus, non quia ablatum sed quia corruptum est. Aliquis reum me defendit, sed uxorem meam per vim stupro violavit ; non abstulit beneficium, sed opponendo illi parem iniuriam solvit me debito, et, si plus laesit, quam ante profuerat, non tantum gratia extinguitur, sed ulciscendi querendique libertas fit, ubi in comparatione beneficii praeponderavit iniuria ; ita non aufertur beneficium, sed vincitur. Quid ? non tam duri quidam et tam scelerati patres sunt, ut illos aversari et eiurare ius fasque sit ? Numquid ergo illi abstulerunt, quae dederant ? Minime, sed impietas sequentium temporum commendationem omnis prioris officii sustulit. Non beneficium tollitur, sed beneficii gratia, et efficitur, non ne habeam, sed ne debeam. Tamquam pecuniam aliquis mihi credidit, sed domum meam incendit. Pensatum est creditum damno ; nec reddidi illi, nec tamen debeo. Eodem modo et hic, qui aliquid benigne adversus me fecit, aliquid liberaliter, sed postea multa superbe, contumeliose, crudeliter, eo me loco posuit, ut proinde liber adversus eum essem, ac si nihil accepissem ; vim beneficiis suis attulit. Colonum suum non tenet quamvis tabellis manentibus, qui segetem eius proculcavit, qui succidit arbusta, non quia recepit, quod pepigerat, sed quia, ne reciperet, effecit. Sic debitori suo creditor saepe damnatur, ubi plus ex alia causa abstulit, quam ex crediti petit. Non tantum inter creditorem et debitorem iudex sedet, qui dicat: " Pecuniam credidisti. Quid ergo est ? Pecus abegisti, servum eius occidisti, argentum, quod non emeras, possides ; aestimatione facta debitor discede, qui creditor veneras " ; inter beneficia quoque et iniurias ratio confertur. Saepe, inquam, beneficium manet nec debetur ; si secuta est dantem paenitentia, si miserum se dixit, quod dedisset, si, cum daret, suspiravit, vultum adduxit, perdere se credidit, non donare, si sua causa aut certe non mea dedit, si non desiit insultare, gloriari, ubique iactare et acerbum munus suum facere, manet beneficium, quamvis non debeatur, sicuti quaedam pecuniae, de quibus ius creditori non dicitur, debentur, sed non exiguntur.

"You admit," says our adversary, "that we sometimes are under no obligation to him from whom we have received a benefit. In that case it has been taken by force." Nay, there are many things which would cause us to cease to feel gratitude for a benefit, not because the benefit has been taken from me, but because it has been spoiled. Suppose that a man has defended me in a lawsuit, but has forcibly outraged my wife; he has not taken away the benefit which he conferred upon me, but by balancing it with an equivalent wrong, he has set me free from my debt; indeed, if he has injured me more than he had previously benefited me, he not only puts an end to my gratitude, but makes me free to revenge myself upon him, and to complain of him, when the wrong outweighs the benefit; in such a case the benefit is not taken away, but is overcome. Why, are not some fathers so cruel and so wicked that it is right and proper for their sons to turn away from them, and disown them? Yet, pray, have they taken away the life which they gave? No, but their unnatural conduct in later years has destroyed all the gratitude which was due to them for their original benefit. In these cases it is not a benefit itself, but the gratitude owing for a benefit which is taken away, and the result is, not that one does not possess the benefit, but that one is not laid under any obligation by it. It is as though a man were to lend me money, and then burn my house down; the advantage of the loan is balanced by the damage which he has caused: I do not repay him, and yet I am not in his debt. In like manner any one who may have acted kindly and generously to me, and who afterwards has shown himself haughty, insulting, and cruel, places me in just the same position as though I never had received anything from him: he has murdered his own benefits. Though the lease may remain in force, still a man does not continue to be a tenant if his landlord tramples down his crops, or cuts down his orchard; their contract is at an end, not because the landlord has received the rent which was agreed upon, but because he has made it impossible that he should receive it. So, too, a creditor often has to pay money to his debtor, should he have taken more property from him in other transactions than he claims as having lent him. The judge does not sit merely to decide between debtor and creditor, when he says, "You did lend the man money; but then, what followed? You have driven away his cattle, you have murdered his slave, you have in your possession plate which you have not paid for. After valuing what each has received, I order you, who came to this court as a creditor, to leave it as a debtor." In like manner a balance is struck between benefits and injuries. In many cases, I repeat, a benefit is not taken away from him who receives it, and yet it lays him under no obligation, if the giver has repented of giving it, called himself unhappy because he gave it, sighed or made a wry face while he gave it; if he thought that he was throwing it away rather than giving it, if he gave it to please himself, or to please any one except me, the receiver; if he persistently makes himself offensive by boasting of what he has done, if he brags of his gift everywhere, and makes it a misery to me, then indeed the benefit remains in my hands, but I owe him nothing for it, just as sums of money to which a creditor has no legal right are owed to him, but cannot be claimed by him.

« Vous avouez, dira-t-on, qu’il nous arrive de n’être plus redevable à l’homme dont nous avons reçu le bienfait : c’est donc qu’on nous l’a repris. » Nous pouvons pour bien des motifs cesser de devoir, non qu’on ait repris le bienfait, mais parce qu’on l’a profané. Un homme qui m’a défendu en justice a plus tard souillé mon lit par le viol. Il n’a pas repris son bienfait ; mais, effacée par un outrage bien aussi grand, ma dette n’existe plus. Et si l’attentat surpasse le service qui l’a précédé, non-seulement il éteint ma reconnaissance, mais il me donne droit de vengeance et de poursuite, dès que mis en balance le mal l’emporte sur le bien ; ce dernier alors n’est pas annulé, il est étouffé. Eh ! n’est-il pas des pères tellement durs, tellement criminels que les lois divines et humaines permettent de les réprouver, de les renier ? Nous ont-ils donc ôté ce que nous tenions d’eux ? Nullement ; mais leurs actes dénaturés qui ont suivi ont détruit le mérite de tout bon office antérieur. Ce n’est pas le bienfait qui s’en va, mais ce qui en fait le prix : je ne cesse pas d’avoir, mais je ne dois plus. Que quelqu’un m’ait prêté de l’argent, puis incendié ma maison, le dommage a compensé le prêt, et, sans avoir rendu, je ne suis point débiteur. Ainsi encore qui s’est signalé envers moi par sa bienveillance, par sa générosité, et ensuite par plusieurs traits de hauteur, de mépris, de cruauté, m’a mis en situation d’être quitte comme si je n’avais rien reçu ; il a tué ses propres bienfaits. Le fermier n’est plus lié, bien que son bail subsiste, envers le propriétaire qui a foulé aux pieds ses récoltes et coupé ses plants. Non que ce dernier ait reçu ce qu’il avait stipulé, mais parce qu’il a tout fait pour ne rien recevoir. De même parfois le débiteur obtient condamnation contre son créancier qui lui a pris, à un autre titre, plus qu’il ne répète à titre de prêt. Ce n’est pas entre le créancier et le débiteur seulement que le juge intervient pour dire au premier : « Tu lui as prêté de l’argent. Mais quoi ? Tu as enlevé son troupeau, tué son esclave, tu possèdes son champ sans l’avoir payé : estimation faite te voilà débiteur, de créancier que tu étais venu. » Entre le bienfait et l’injure, la même compensation a lieu. Souvent, je le répète, le bienfait subsiste et on ne le doit plus, si par la suite son auteur s’en est repenti, s’il s’est dit malheureux d’avoir donné ; s’il n’a donné qu’en soupirant, avec un visage rembruni ; s’il a cru perdre plutôt que faire un don ; si c’est pour lui qu’il m’a donné, ou du moins si ce n’est pas pour moi ; s’il n’a cessé de me le jeter à la face, de s’en faire gloire, de le proclamer partout, de me rendre amère sa libéralité. Le bienfait subsiste donc, quoiqu’il cesse d’être dû, tout comme certains prêts d’argent, sans donner un droit actuel au créancier, restent dus, mais ne sont pas exigibles.