Moral Letters to Lucilius Section 5

Quid sit hoc, aperiam. Aes prima statuae causa est. Numquam enim facta esset, nisi fuisset id, ex quo funderetur ducereturve. Secunda causa artifex est. Non potuisset enim aes illud in habitum statuae figurari, nisi accessissent peritae manus. Tertia causa est forma. Neque enim statua ista doryphoros aut diadumenos vocaretur, nisi haec illi esset inpressa facies. Quarta causa est faciendi propositum. Nam nisi hoc fuisset, facta non esset.

le but de l’œuvre entière. Éclaircissons ce dernier point. L’airain est la cause première d’une statue ; car jamais elle n’eût été faite, sans une matière fusible ou ductile. La deuxième cause est l’artiste : cet airain ne pouvait devenir et figurer une statue, si des mains habiles ne s’y étaient employées. La troisième cause est la forme : cette statue ne s’appellerait pas le Doryphore ou la Diadumène, si on ne lui en eût donné tous les traits. La quatrième cause est le but dans lequel on l’a faite, puisque sans ce but elle ne serait pas. Qu’est-ce que le but ?

Now I shall show you what this last means. Bronze is the “first cause” of the statue, for it could never have been made unless there had been something from which it could be cast and moulded. The “second cause” is the artist; for without the skilled hands of a workman that bronze could not have been shaped to the outlines of the statue. The “third cause” is the form, inasmuch as our statue could never be called The Lance-Bearer or The Boy Binding his Hair, had not this special shape been stamped upon it. The “fourth cause” is the purpose of the work. For if this purpose had not existed, the statue would not have been made.