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Sextus Empiricus

Against the Ethicists, Book XI of Against the Learned Section 221

Section 221 of 257

Canonical reference 11.221

Ancient Greek

Hermann Mutschmann and Jürgen Mau, editors · adversus-grc

πρὸς τούτοις· εἰ τὸ μὴ ὂν διδάσκεται, οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς διδάσκεται· τῶν γὰρ ὄντων καὶ ὑπαρχόντων ἐστὶ τἀληθές. εἰ δὲ μηδὲν ἀληθὲς διδάσκεται, πᾶν τὸ διδασκόμενόν ἐστι ψεῦδος. ἄτοπον δέ γε πᾶν τὸ διδασκόμενον εἶναι ψεῦδος· οὐ τοίνυν τὸ μὴ ὂν διδάσκεται. ἔπειτα, εἴπερ τὸ μὴ ὂν διδάσκεται, ἤτοι καθὸ μὴ ὄν ἐστι διδάσκεται, ἢ κατ’ ἄλλο τι. καθὸ μὲν οὖν μὴ ὄν ἐστιν, οὐ διδάσκεται· εἰ γὰρ τὸ μὴ ὂν καθὸ μὴ ὄν ἐστι διδάσκεται, οὐδὲν ὂν διδαχθήσεται· ὅπερ ἄτοπον. καὶ μὴν οὐδὲ κατ’ ἄλλο τι· τὸ γὰρ ἄλλο τι ἔστι, τὸ δὲ μὴ ὂν οὐκ ἔστιν.

English AI-generated translation, non-official

Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-11

In addition, if what does not exist is taught, nothing true is taught, for truth belongs among things that are and exist. But if nothing true is taught, everything taught is false. Yet it is absurd that everything taught should be false. Therefore what does not exist is not taught. Next, if what does not exist is taught, it is taught either insofar as it does not exist or in some other respect. It is not taught insofar as it does not exist, for if what does not exist is taught insofar as it does not exist, nothing that exists will be taught, which is absurd. Nor is it taught in some other respect, for that other respect exists, whereas what does not exist does not.

French AI-generated translation, non-official

Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-11

En outre, si le non-être est enseigné, rien de vrai n’est enseigné, car le vrai appartient aux êtres et aux choses existantes. Mais si rien de vrai n’est enseigné, tout ce qui est enseigné est faux. Or il est absurde que tout ce qui est enseigné soit faux. Ce n’est donc pas le non-être qui est enseigné. Ensuite, si le non-être est enseigné, il l’est soit en tant que non-être, soit sous un autre rapport. Il n’est pas enseigné en tant que non-être; car si le non-être est enseigné en tant que non-être, aucun être ne sera enseigné, ce qui est absurde. Il ne l’est pas non plus sous un autre rapport; car cet autre rapport existe, tandis que le non-être n’existe pas.

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