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Sextus Empiricus

Against the Logicians, Books VII-VIII of Against the Learned Section 249

Section 695 of 927

Canonical reference 8.249

Ancient Greek

Hermann Mutschmann and Jürgen Mau, editors · adversus-grc

οὐκοῦν εἰ τὸ σημεῖον ἀληθὲς εἶναι δεῖ καὶ ἀληθοῦς παραστατικόν, οὔτε ἐν τῷ ἀπὸ ψεύδους ἀρχομένῳ καὶ ἐπὶ ψεῦδος λήγοντι οὔτε ἐν τῷ ἀπὸ ψεύδους ἐπ’ ἀληθὲς ὑποκείσεται. λείπεται δὴ ἐν ἐκείνῳ μόνον αὐτὸ τυγχάνειν τῷ ἀπὸ [τοῦ] ἀληθοῦς τε χομένῳ καὶ ἐπ’ ἀληθὲς λήγοντι, ὧς ἂν καὶ αὐτοῦ ὑπάρχοντος καὶ τοῦ σημειωτοῦ συνυπάρχειν ὀφείλοντος αὐτῶ.

English AI-generated translation, non-official

Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-11

Accordingly, if the sign must be true and indicative of something true, it will be found neither in the conditional beginning with falsehood and ending in falsehood nor in that beginning with falsehood and ending in truth. It remains that it occurs only in the conditional beginning with truth and ending in truth, since the sign itself exists and the thing signified must coexist with it.

French AI-generated translation, non-official

Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-11

Donc, si le signe doit être vrai et représentatif du vrai, il ne se trouvera ni dans la proposition qui commence par le faux et finit par le faux, ni dans celle qui va du faux au vrai. Il reste qu’il se trouve seulement dans celle qui commence par le vrai et finit par le vrai, puisque le signe existe et que le signifié doit coexister avec lui.

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